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135 lines
8.2 KiB
135 lines
8.2 KiB
4 years ago
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Title: The Philosophy of Warnings
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Author: Santiago Zabala
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4 years ago
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4 years ago
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<div class="colophon">
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<p> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras eget arcu at ligula vulputate euismod non eget risus. Nullam placerat risus nulla. Fusce in arcu dolor. Quisque nec dignissim nulla, a dapibus lorem. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer sed quam sit amet sapien faucibus convallis ac a sem. Etiam commodo elit id consequat tempus.
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</p><p>
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Fusce porttitor consectetur lacinia. Suspendisse facilisis ligula sed libero cursus, eget iaculis lectus vulputate. Nam lacinia massa vitae dapibus blandit. Donec tempus pulvinar ornare. Aliquam dictum accumsan tellus et ullamcorper. Nunc nisl tortor, hendrerit et sem eget, feugiat venenatis orci. Nullam condimentum fringilla commodo. </p></div>
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<div class="first-page">
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<div id="title_edition">Of Whirlpools and Tornadoes <br> Nourishing Networks</div>
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<div id="amro">AMRO 2020</div>
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4 years ago
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<div class="author">Santiago Zabala</div>
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4 years ago
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<div class="title">The Philosophy of Warnings</div>
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4 years ago
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<div class="published">Published in the *Institute of Arts and Ideas* </div>
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</div>
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<header id="pageheader-issue">Nourishing Networks</header>
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<header id="pageheader-theme">Theme</header>
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<div class="essay_content">
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<p>This month an undergraduate student told me his parents were using the
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pandemic to persuade him to avoid philosophy as it could not prevent or
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solve real emergencies. I told him to let them know that we find
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ourselves in this global emergency because we haven't thought
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philosophically *enough*. The increasingly narrow focus of experts this
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century has prevented us from addressing problems from a global
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perspective, which has always been the distinctive approach of
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philosophy. This is evident in the little consideration we give to
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warnings. Too often these are discarded as useless or
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insignificant---much like philosophy---when in fact they are vital.
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Though philosophers can't solve an ongoing emergency---philosophy was
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never meant to solve anything---we can interpret their signs through a
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"philosophy of warnings." Although this philosophy probably won't change
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the views of my student's parents, it might help us to reevaluate our
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political, environmental, and technological priorities for the future.</p>
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<p>Like recent philosophies of plants or
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[[insects]{.underline}](http://cup.columbia.edu/book/a-philosophy-of-the-insect/9780231175791),
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which emerged as a response to a global environmental crisis, a
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"philosophy of warnings" is also a reaction to a global emergency that
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requires philosophical elucidation. Although the ongoing pandemic has
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triggered this new stance it isn't limited to this event. Nor is it
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completely new. Warnings have been a topic of philosophical
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investigation for centuries. The difference lies in the meaning these
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concepts have acquired now. Before philosophy we had prophets to tell us
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to be alert to the warnings of the Gods, but we secularized that office
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into that of the philosopher, who, as one among equals, advised to heed
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the signs; to use our imagination, because that is all we got. The
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current pandemic has shown how little prepared we were for a global
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emergency, even one whose coming has been
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[[announced]{.underline}](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/experts-warned-pandemic-decades-ago-why-not-ready-for-coronavirus/)
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for decades. But why haven't we been able to take these warnings
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seriously? Before tackling this question, let's recall how warnings have
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been addressed philosophically.</p>
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<p>Examples of warning philosophy can be traced back to Greek mythology and
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Plato\'s *Apology*. Apollo provided Cassandra with the gift of prophecy
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even though she could not convince others of the validity of her
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predictions, and Socrates warned the Athenians---after he was sentenced
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to death---that their inequity and mendacity undermined the democracy
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they claimed to honor. Against Gaston Bachelard, who coined the term
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"Cassandra complex" to refer to the idea that events could be known in
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advance, Theodore Adorno warned that any claim to know the future should
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be avoided. It is probably in this spirit that Walter Benjamin warned we
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should pull the brake on the train of progress as it was stacking
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disaster upon disaster. In line with Hannah Arendt's warnings of the
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reemergence of totalitarianism after the Second World War, Giorgio
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Agamben began his book on the current pandemic with "A Warning":
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biosecurity will now serve governments to rule through a new form of
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tyranny called "technological-sanitary" despotism.</p>
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<p>These examples illustrate the difference between warnings and
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predictions. Warnings are sustained by signs in the present that request
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our involvement, as Benjamin suggests. Predictions call out what will
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take place regardless of our actions, a future as the only continuation
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of the present, but warnings instead point toward what is to come and
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are meant involve us in a radical break, a discontinuity with the
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present signaled by alarming signs that we are asked to confront. The
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problem is not the involvement warnings request from us but rather
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whether we are willing to confront them at all. The volume of vital
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warnings that we ignore---climate change, social inequality, refugee
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crises---is alarming; it has become our greatest emergency.</p>
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<p>Indifference towards warnings is rooted in the ongoing global return to
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order and realism in the twenty-first century. This return is not only
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political, as demonstrated by the various right-wing populist forces
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that have taken office around the world, but also cultural as the return
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of some contemporary
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[[intellectuals]{.underline}](https://arcade.stanford.edu/blogs/returning-order-through-realism)
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to Eurocentric Cartesian realism demonstrates. The idea that we can
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still claim access to truth without being dependent upon interpretation
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presupposes that knowledge of objective facts is enough to guide our
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lives. Within this theoretical framework warnings are cast off as
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unfounded, contingent, and subjective, even though philosophers of
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science such as Bruno Latour continue to
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[[remind]{.underline}](https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Down+to+Earth%3A+Politics+in+the+New+Climatic+Regime-p-9781509530564)
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us that no "attested knowledge can stand on its own." The internet and,
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in particular, social media have intensified this realist view, further
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discrediting traditional vectors of legitimation (international
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agencies, major newspapers, or credentialed academics) and rendering any
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tweet by an anonymous blogger credible because it presents itself as
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transparent, direct, and genuine. "The quickness of social media, as
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Judith Butler [[pointed
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out]{.underline}](https://www.newstatesman.com/international/2020/09/judith-butler-culture-wars-jk-rowling-and-living-anti-intellectual-times),
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allows for forms of vitriol that do not exactly support thoughtful
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4 years ago
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debate."</p>
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4 years ago
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4 years ago
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<p>Our inability to take warnings seriously has devastating consequences,
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as recent months make clear. The central argument in favor of a
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philosophy of warnings is not whether what it warns of comes to pass but
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rather the pressure it exercises against those emergencies hidden and
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subsumed under the global call to order. This pressure demands that our
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political, environmental, and technological priorities be reconsidered,
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revealing the alarming signs of democratic backsliding, biodiversity
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loss, and commodification of our lives by surveillance capitalism. These
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warnings are also why we should oppose any demand to "return to
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normality," which signals primarily a desire to ignore what caused this
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pandemic in the first place. A philosophy of warnings seeks to alter and
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4 years ago
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interrupt the reality we've become accustomed to.</p>
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4 years ago
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4 years ago
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<p>Although a philosophy of warnings will not prevent future emergencies,
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it will resist the ongoing silencing of emergencies under the guise of
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realism by challenging our framed global order and its realist
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advocates. This philosophy is not meant to rescue us *from* emergencies
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but rather rescue us *into* emergencies that we are trained to ignore.</p>
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</div>
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4 years ago
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<div class="bio">
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4 years ago
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[[Santiago Zabala]{.underline}](http://www.santiagozabala.com/) is ICREA
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Research Professor of Philosophy at the Pompeu Fabra University in
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Barcelona. His most recent book is *Being at Large: Freedom in the Age
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4 years ago
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of Alternative Facts* (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2020).</div>
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