column changes, sup and footnotes

print/first_batch/about.html

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<p id="title_about">
+A Nourishing Network
+</p>
+<div class="about_content">
+<p id="first_par_about">
+<em>A Nourishing Network</em> is a publishing project that aims at documenting and circulating current research done by a network of artists, activists and programmers that collaborate with the Austrian net culture initiative <em>servus.at</em>. Especially in this moment of reduced mobility and physical encounters, the publication stimulates the circulation of materials and their further development in a community that usually gathers in small-sized events and festivals.
+</p>
+<p>
+The project is a continuation of <em>Art Meets Radical Openness</em>–<em>AMRO</em> in short–a bi-yearly festival organized by servus.at in Linz. The festival creates space for discussions around the current impact of internet technologies and platforms. It aims to imagine possible (real) sustainable models for computational infrastructures, as an alternative to the growing techno-solutionist trend.
+</p>
+<p>
+<em>A Nourishing Network</em> is produced as a hybrid publishing process realised by Manetta Berends and Alice Strete from the Rotterdam initiative Varia.
+</p>
+<p>
+The project emerged as a response to the following three departure points:
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<strong>Another lost occasion for degrowth?</strong>
+</li>
+<p>At the beginning many thought that the spring lockdowns of 2020 might have been a great opportunity to embrace less impactful lifestyles and production models. As soon as the measurements loosened up, the level of consumption rose to pre-lockdowns levels. Was the emerging environmental awareness overshadowed by a „sort of" return to normality?</p>
+<li>
+<strong>Re-centralization or blooming alternatives?</strong>
+</li>
+<p>During the first wave of lockdown, data-avid proprietary services gained a more central role within online ecosystems and daily life. Faced with this new context, communities dealing with free and open source software continued to work on alternative platform models. What happened? And what could be further explored?</p>
+<li>
+<strong>Artdiversity loss: is now Zoom the best art gallery of 2020?</strong>
+</li>
+<br> In 2020 many cultural initiatives were forced to shift towards online videocalls, where often the materiality of bodies and matter is deprioritised. As the spectrum of technical possibilities offered by (centralised) digital platforms currently shape and actively format the field of the arts, how can we make space to experiment with alternative formats?
+</ul>
+<br>
+<p class="subheading">
+How the nourishing network works:
+</p>
+<p>
+The publication is in itself an experiment: one in peer-to-peer publishing starting from the <em>feed</em> as a potentially multi-directional circulation device. Through web-syndication protocols and mail art practices, this publication engages with complex circulation flows, thereby exploring the social dynamics of such networked forms of publishing. Borrowing from food terminology, the activity of <em>nourishing</em> translates into an act of care which strengthens the links within the network.
+</p>
+<p>
+A subscription to the digital and/or postal feed, nourishes her subscribers with a stream of essays. The feeds are available at <a href="https://a-nourishing-network.radical-openness.org/">https://</a><a href="https://a-nourishing-network.radical-openness.org/">a-nourishing-network.radical-openness.org</a> and can be digested in different ways: as RSS, Atom and ActivityPub streams, or as a stream of physical publications which are distributed through a “postal feed” throughout Europe.
+</p>
+<p class="subheading">
+How to circulate within the Nourishing Network?
+</p>
+<p>
+The project is an invitation to stimulate circulation by further disseminating the material in online and offline ways. Each subscriber to the postal feed will receive two copies of the publication in order to extend the circulation network with one step – by sending it to someone who might appreciate it. Similarly, the feed is prepared to circulate in online networks.
+</p>
+<p>
+Finally, to enforce feedback and more spontaneous responses to the articles, we are open for contributions from the community of readers. You can toot your thoughts on Mastodon, tagging <span class="citation" data-cites="ann">@ann</span><span class="citation" data-cites="social.servus.at">@social.servus.at</span> or upload your comments at this link: https://k4.servus.at/s/d6Qsa5Cjzqosfng
+</p>
+</div>

print/first_batch/back-cover.html

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<p id="colophon_title">
+Colophon
+</p>
+<div class="colophon">
+<p>
+A Nourishing Network is a peer-to-peer publishing experiment starting from the feed as a potentially multi-directional circulation device.
+</p>
+<p>
+A Nourishing Network is initiated by servus.at (Davide Bevilacqua) in collaboration with varia.zone (Alice Strete &amp; Manetta Berends) and is published in the context of AMRO 2020 (Arts Meets Radical Openness).
+</p>
+<p>
+Editing: Davide Bevilacqua <br> Design and development: Manetta Berends, Alice Strete<br> Proofreading: Christopher Hütmannsberger<br> Paper: Clairefontaine 80g<br> Typeface: Gnu Unifont, WhiteRabbit, Ansi Shadow<br> Print and production: Varia <br> This project is produced with Free Software tools.<br> The feeds are made with Pelican &amp; Weasyprint.<br>
+</p>
+<p>
+© servus.at and Authors 2020;<br> Published under the CC-BY-SA 4.0 license.
+</p>
+<p>
+<p>Many thanks to our partners, collaborators, authors and the AMRO community: <br> Organized with: Kunstuniversität Linz, Department of Timebased Media<br> Funders: Bundesministerium für Kunst, Kultur, öffentlicher Dienst und Sport; Kulturland Oberösterreich; Linz Kultur, LINZimPULS2019, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Politische Bildung.<br></p>
+servus.at Main Sponsor 2021-2023 <img class="logo" src="content/images/logos/3_Main_Sponsors/linz.png"></img> <br> AMRO Main Sponsors 2020<br> <img id="logo_ac" src="content/images/logos/3_Main_Sponsors/01_Logo_aconet_2020_1c.png"></img> <img id="logo_arte" src="content/images/logos/3_Main_Sponsors/02_IPP_arte_Linz_Logo_4C.png"></img> <img id="logo_kapper" src="content/images/logos/3_Main_Sponsors/03_kapper.net-Internet-aus-Österreich-260.jpg"></img> <br> AMRO Co-Sponsors: Ottakringer Brauerei, Pedacola, Buchbinderei Kölbl, Eindrucksvoll GmbH <br> Partners: afo – architekturforum oberösterreich dorfTV, Radio Fro, Willy*Fred, Stadtwerkstatt STWST, Piet Zwart Institute – Rotterdam. <br>
+</p>
+<p>
+This printed copy is one of the many feeds available at https://a-nourishing-network.radical-openness.org/
+</p>
+</div>

print/first_batch/cover.html

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<div id="wave1">
+<pre>
+) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( (<br />
+) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( (<br />
+) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( A Nourishing Network ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ( (( ( ( ( ( ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) )
+</div>

print/kris_dedecker.md

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@
 </div>
 <header id="pageheader-issue">A Nourishing Network</header>
 <header id="pageheader-theme">How to Build a Low-tech Internet</header>
-<div class="essay_content">
 
+<div class="essay_content">
 
 <p><pre id="first_letter">
 ██╗    ██╗
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ Most low-tech networks are based on WiFi, the same technology that allows mobile
 Although the WiFi-standard was developed for short-distance data communication, its reach can be extended to cover distances of more than 100 kilometres.</p>
 <p>
 The longest unamplified WiFi link is a 384 km wireless point-to-point connection between Pico El Águila and Platillón in Venezuela, established a few years ago.^[^3]^ ^[^4]^ However, WiFi-based long distance networks usually consist of a combination of shorter point-to-point links, each between a few kilometres and one hundred kilometers long at most. These are combined to create larger, multihop networks. Point-to-points links, which form the backbone of a long range WiFi network, are combined with omnidirectional antennas that distribute the signal to individual households (or public institutions) of a community.</p>
-Picture: A relay with three point-to-point links and three sectoral antennae. Tegola. http://www.tegola.org.uk/howto/network-planning.html
 <p>
 Long-distance WiFi links require line of sight to make a connection -- in this sense, the technology resembles the 18th century optical telegraph (https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2007/12/email-in-the-18.html) . ^[^5]^ If there's no line of sight between two points, a third relay is required that can see both points, and the signal is sent to the intermediate relay first. Depending on the terrain and particular obstacles, more hubs may be necessary. ^[^6]^</p>
 <p>
@@ -81,7 +80,6 @@ Long range WiFi also has low operational costs due to low power requirements. A
 <p>The first long range WiFi networks were set up ten to fifteen years ago. In poor countries, two main types have been built. The first is aimed at providing internet access to people in remote villages. An example is the Akshaya network in India, which covers the entire Kerala State and is one of the largest wireless networks in the world. The infrastructure is built around approximately 2,500 "computer access centers", which are open to the local population -- direct ownership of computers is minimal in the region.^[^13]^
 Another example, also in India, are the AirJaldi networks which provide internet access to approximately 20,000 users in six states, all in remote regions and on difficult terrain. Most nodes in this network are solar-powered and the distance between them can range up to 50 km or more.^[^14]^ In some African countries, local WiFi-networks distribute internet access from a satellite gateway.^[^15]^ ^[^16]^</p>
 
-<p>A node in the AirJaldi network. Picture: AirJaldi.</p>
 <p>
 A second type of long distance WiFi network in poor countries is aimed at providing telemedicine to remote communities. In remote regions, health care is often provided through health posts scarcely equipped and attended by health technicians who are barely trained.^[^17]^ Long-range WiFi networks can connect urban hospitals with these outlying health posts, allowing doctors to remotely support health technicians using high-resolution file transfers and real-time communication tools based on voice and video.
 An example is the link between Cabo Pantoja and Iquitos in the Loreto province in Peru, which was established in 2007. The 450 km network consists of 17 towers which are 16 to 50 km apart. The line connects 15 medical outposts in remote villages with the main hospital in Iquitos and is aimed at remote diagnosis of patients. ^[^17]^ ^[^18]^ All equipment is powered by solar panels.^[^18]^ ^[^19]^ Other succesful examples of long range WiFi telemedicine networks have been built in India, Malawi and Ghana.^[^20]^ ^[^21]^<p/>
@@ -108,6 +106,7 @@ However, the low-tech networks that distribute internet access to a large user b
 Therefore, the worst-case average bandwidth available per machine is approximately 1.9 kbps, which is slow even in comparison to a dial-up connection (56 kbps). And this can be considered a really good connectivity compared to typical rural settings in poor countries.^[^26]^ To make matters worse, such networks often have to deal with an intermittent power supply.</p>
 <p>
 Under these circumstances, even the most common internet applications have poor performance, or don't work at all. The communication model of the internet is based on a set of network assumptions, called the TCP/IP protocol suite. These include the existence of a bi-directional end-to-end path between the source (for example a website's server) and the destination (the user's computer), short round-trip delays, and low error rates.</p>
+<img id="kris_6" src="content/images/images_kris/6.png"></img>
 <p>
 Many low-tech networks in poor countries do not conform to these assumptions. They are characterized by intermittent connectivity or "network partitioning" -- the absence of an end-to-end path between source and destination -- long and variable delays, and high error rates. ^[^21]^ ^[^27]^ ^[^28]^</p>
 <p class="subheading">Delay-Tolerant Networks</p>
@@ -125,8 +124,7 @@ Delay-tolerant networks further decrease capital costs and energy use, leading t
 Delay-tolerant networking can take surprising forms, especially when they take advantage of some non-traditional means of communication, such as "data mules".^[^11]^ ^[^29]^ In such networks, conventional transportation technologies -- buses, cars, motorcycles, trains, boats, airplanes -- are used to ferry messages from one location to another in a store-and-forward manner.</p>
 <p>
 Examples are DakNet and KioskNet, which use buses as data mules.^[^30]^ ^[^34]^ In many developing regions, rural bus routes regularly visit villages and towns that have no network connectivity. By equipping each vehicle with a computer, a storage device and a mobile WiFi-node on the one hand, and by installing a stationary WiFi-node in each village on the other hand, the local transport infrastructure can substitute for a wireless internet link.^[^11]^</p>
-<p>
-Picture: AirJaldi.</p>
+<img id="kris_7" src="content/images/images_kris/7.png"></img>
 <p>
 Outgoing data (such as sent emails or requests for webpages) is stored on local computers in the village until the bus comes withing range. At this point, the fixed WiFi-node of the local computer automatically transmits the data to the mobile WiFi-node of the bus. Later, when the bus arrives at a hub that is connected to the internet, the outgoing data is transmitted from the mobile WiFi-node to the gateway node, and then to the internet. Data sent to the village takes the opposite route. The bus -- or data -- driver doesn't require any special skills and is completely oblivious to the data transfers taking place. He or she does not need to do anything other than come in range of the nodes.^[^30]^ ^[^31]^</p>
 <p>
@@ -139,7 +137,6 @@ Delay-Tolerant Software</p>
 <p>
 Obviously, a delay-tolerant network (DTN) -- whatever its form -- also requires new software: applications that function without a connected end-to-end networking path.^[^11]^ Such custom applications are also useful for synchronous, low bandwidth networks. Email is relatively easy to adapt to intermittent connectivity, because it's an asynchronous communication method by itself. A DTN-enabled email client stores outgoing messages until a connection is available. Although emails may take longer to reach their destination, the user experience doesn't really change.</p>
 <p>
-A Freifunk WiFi-node is installed in Berlin, Germany. Picture: Wikipedia Commons (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Freifunk-Initiative_in_Berlin-Kreuzberg.jpg).
 Browsing and searching the web requires more adaptations. For example, most search engines optimize for speed, assuming that a user can quickly look through the returned links and immediately run a second modified search if the first result is inadequate. However, in intermittent networks, multiple rounds of interactive search would be impractical.^[^26]^ ^[^32]^ Asynchronous search engines optimize for bandwith rather than response time.^[^26]^ ^[^30]^ ^[^31]^ ^[^35]^ ^[^36]^ For example, RuralCafe desynchronizes the search process by performing many search tasks in an offline manner, refining the search request based on a database of similar searches. The actual retrieval of information using the network is only done when absolutely necessary.</p>
 <p>
 Many internet applications could be adapted to intermittent networks, such as webbrowsing, email, electronic form filling, interaction with e-commerce sites, blogsoftware, large file downloads, or social media.
@@ -151,9 +148,7 @@ Sneakernets </p>
 <p>Obviously, real-time applications such as internet telephony, media streaming, chatting or videoconferencing are impossible to adapt to intermittent networks, which provide only asynchronous communication. These applications are also difficult to run on synchronous networks that have limited bandwidth. Because these are the applications that are in large part responsible for the growing energy use of the internet, one could argue that their incompatibility with low-tech networks is actually a good thing (see the previous article https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2015/10/can-the-internet-run-on-renewable-energy.html).</p>
 <p>
 Furthermore, many of these applications could be organized in different ways. While real-time voice or video conversations won't work, it's perfectly possible to send and receive voice or video messages. And while streaming media can't happen, downloading music albums and video remains possible. Moreover, these files could be "transmitted" by the most low-tech internet technology available: a sneakernet. In a sneakernet, digital data is "wirelessly" transmitted using a storage medium such as a hard disk, a USB-key, a flash card, or a CD or DVD. Before the arrival of the internet, all computer files were exchanged via a sneakernet, using tape or floppy disks as a storage medium.</p>
-
-<p>
-Stuffing a cargo train full of digital storage media would beat any digital network in terms of speed, cost and energy efficiency. Picture: Wikipedia Commons.
+<img id="kris_9" src="content/images/images_kris/9.jpeg"></img><figcaption>Stuffing a cargo train full of digital storage media would beat any digital network in terms of speed, cost and energy efficiency. Picture: Wikipedia Commons.</figcaption>
 Just like a data mules network, a sneakernet involves a vehicle, a messenger on foot, or an animal (such as a carrier pigeon https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2009/02/sneakernet-beats-internet.html). However, in a sneakernet there is no automatic data transfer between the mobile node (for instance, a vehicle) and the stationary nodes (sender and recipient). Instead, the data first have to be transferred from the sender's computer to a portable storage medium. Then, upon arrival, the data have to be transferred from the portable storage medium to the receiver's computer.^[^30]^ A sneakernet thus requires manual intervention and this makes it less convenient for many internet applications.</p>
 <p>
 There are exceptions, though. For example, a movie doesn't have to be transferred to the hard disk of your computer in order to watch it. You play it straight from a portable hard disk or slide a disc into the DVD-player. Moreover, a sneakernet also offers an important advantage: of all low-tech networks, it has the most bandwidth available. This makes it perfectly suited for the distribution of large files such as movies or computer games. In fact, when very large files are involved, a sneakernet even beats the fastest fibre internet connection. At lower internet speeds, sneakernets can be advantageous for much smaller files.
@@ -170,14 +165,14 @@ Such a hybrid system of online and offline applications would remain a very powe
 <div class="bio_3">
 
 <p>Published on the LOW-TECH MAGAZINE https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2015/10/how-to-build-a-low-tech-internet.html on October 26, 2015, (edited by Jenna Collett https://www.linkedin.com/pub/jenna-collett/1a/925/b3)
-Picture: A node in the Scottish Tegola Network (http://www.tegola.org.uk/hebnet/). </p>
-</div>
-<div class="bio">
-Kris De Decker is the author of Low-tech Magazine, an online publication that refuses to assume that every problem has a high-tech solution. Since 2018, Low-tech Magazine runs on a self-hosted, solar powered server, and since 2019 it is also available in print. De Decker also wrote for the Demand Centre at Lancaster University (UK), which researches energy demand in relation to social practices, material infrastructures, and institutional arrangements. He is the co-founder of the Human Power Plant, an art project that investigates the possibilities of human power production in a modern society. Before the creation of Low-tech Magazine in 2007, De Decker was reporting on cutting-edge science and technology as a freelance journalist for newspapers and magazines. He was born in Belgium and lives in Spain.
+</p>
 </div>
+
 <div class="bio_3">
 
 DIY: Wireless networking in the developing world (Third Edition) is a free book about designing, implementing and maintaining low-cost wireless networks. Available in English, French, and Spanish. http://wndw.net/book.html#readBook</div>
+<br>
+
 <div class="ref-position">
 
 [^1]: Connecting the unwired world with balloons, satellites, lasers & drones, Slashdot, 2015. https://tech.slashdot.org/story/15/09/03/214256/connecting-the-unwired-world-with-balloons-satellites-lasers-drones
@@ -212,9 +207,15 @@ DIY: Wireless networking in the developing world (Third Edition) is a free book
 [^30]: First Mile Solutions' Daknet Takes Rural Communities Online (PDF), Carol Chyau and Jean-Francois Raymond, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20120126121011/www.firstmilesolutions.com/documents/FMS_Case_Study.pdf
 [^31]: DakNet: A Road to Universal Broadband Connectivity (PDF), Amir Alexander Hasson et al., 2003, https://courses.media.mit.edu/2003fall/de/DakNet-Case.pdf
 [^32]: DakNet: Architecture and Connectivity in Developing Nations (PDF), Madhuri Bhole, 2015, http://ijpret.com/publishedarticle/2015/4/IJPRET%20-%20ECN%20115.pdf
-[^33]: Delay Tolerant Networks and Their Applications, Longxiang Gao et al., 2015, https://web.archive.org/web/20190309195327/http://www.citeulike.org/user/tnhh/article/13517347
 [^34]: Low-cost communication for rural internet kiosks using mechanical backhaul, A. Seth et al., 2006, https://people.csail.mit.edu/matei/papers/2006/mobicom_kiosks.pdf
 [^35]: Searching the World Wide Web in Low-Connectivity Communities (PDF), William Thies et al., 2002, http://tek.sourceforge.net/papers/tek-www02.pdf
 [^36]: Slow Search: Information Retrieval without Time Constraints (PDF), Jaime Teevan, 2013, https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~yubink/hcir2013.pdf
-[^37]: Potential for Collaborative Caching and Prefetching in Largely-Disconnected Villages (PDF), Sibren Isaacman et al., 2008, https://mrmgroup.cs.princeton.edu/papers/isaacman-winsdr503.pdf
+
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<div class="bio">
+**Kris de Decker**
+<br>
+Kris De Decker is the author of Low-tech Magazine, an online publication that refuses to assume that every problem has a high-tech solution. Since 2018, Low-tech Magazine runs on a self-hosted, solar powered server, and since 2019 it is also available in print. De Decker also wrote for the Demand Centre at Lancaster University (UK), which researches energy demand in relation to social practices, material infrastructures, and institutional arrangements. He is the co-founder of the Human Power Plant, an art project that investigates the possibilities of human power production in a modern society. Before the creation of Low-tech Magazine in 2007, De Decker was reporting on cutting-edge science and technology as a freelance journalist for newspapers and magazines. He was born in Belgium and lives in Spain.
 </div>

themes/basic/static/css/print.css

@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ q {
 	margin-right: 30px;
 }
 p {
-  margin: 11px 0.5em 11px 0.5em;
+  margin: 11px 0em 11px 0em;
   font-size: 14px;
   line-height: 22px;
 }
@@ -387,12 +387,14 @@ sup {
 	position: relative;
 }
 .footnotes {
+	width: 110%;
+	margin-left: -7.5%;
 	font-family: 'Unifont';
 	font-size: 10px;
 	color: black !important;
 	text-decoration: none!important;
 	page-break-before: avoid;
-	line-height: 0.9;
+	line-height: 0.9 !important;
 	position: inherit;
 	columns: 3 auto;
 }