bots-as-digital-infrapunctures/content/Section 6 - Critical Interv.../2-materiality-of-bots.md

Title: Materiality of Bots
Slug: 02-s6-step-2
Date: 2020-11-01 12:01
Summary: Code, API's and background processes.

Talking about the materiality of bots might sound a bit funny at first. It is crucial though to closely look at *how* and *where* a bot operates, in order to imagine in what kind of ways they can intervene in an infrastructure. To do this, we will study the digital materiality of bots.

We use the term *materiality* by following Johanna Drucker's definition of *performative materiality*[^drucker]:

> “Performative materialtiy suggests that what something is has to be understood in terms of what it does, how it works within machinic, systemic, and cultural domains.”


<!-- As we learned from the section *Bot Logic*: bot-making includes not only a study of technical mechanisms, it also includes studying the norms, values and communicative habits of an infrastructure.  -->

The materiality of bots can be unpacked through three technical ingredients of a bot-making process:

1. **code**
2. **API's**
3. **background processes**

### Code

The first ingredient will not come as a surprise: **code**. 

If we look at the digital materiality of a bot, we can say that a bot is a script: an executable file that sits on your computer or on a server. Code is used to describe *how* the bot makes a connection, *what* function it has and *when* it comes into action.

There are a whole range of programming languages that a bot-maker can use to make a bot. Popular programming languages are Python and Javascript. The choice for a specific language is often based on the preference of the programmer, it is a bit like picking your favorite flavour or color. However, the choice for a programming language can also be based on the availability of a so called *library*: a friendly wrapper that enables a programmer to interact with an API. 

### API's

If we talk about the relationship between platform and bots, we cannot escape talking about the **API**. 

The term API is an acronym for Application Programming Interface. It is an code-based interface between the programmer and a platform, such as Wikipedia, Reddit, Whatsapp, Twitter or Mastodon. Not all communication infrastructures have an API, it's a decision of the owner of the infrastructure to make one. Every API is therefor different and each one comes with different rules and constraints.

Taina Bucher[^bucher] defines an API as an infrastructural device that is shaped (and shaping) many different things:

> “Among other things, web APIs encompass: a physicality in terms of the corporeal landscape of infrastructure and technology, through to the economic logics at work (i.e. business models, ownership, licencing of the APIs), functions and services (i.e. access to data), practices of users (i.e. forms of labor, play and collaboration), discursive formations (i.e. statements, knowledge, ideas), rules and norms (i.e. design principles, terms of service, technical standards), as well as social imaginaries and desires.”

When looking at API's from a technical perspective, we see a set of rules that applications use to communicate with each other. This (apparently) neutral conception is in reality a very complex conglomerate of imaginaries, whether technological, economical or societal. 

Essentially does the API determine how the platform developers imagine it will be used by other developers, revealing a relationship of imbalanced power. It welcomes interventions as an opportunity to expand the functionalities beyond what the original developers might have imagined. On centralized infrastructures this often results into generating more economical value in the end.

So to sum up: a bot is written in **code** and uses an **API** to interact with an infrastructure.

### Background processes

To run the bot, we need one more last ingredient: a so called **process**.

A *process* is nothing more then a term to refer to the act of putting the bot into action. In the most simple version, this can be done by running a script from your own computer. In a more complex version, you could upload your script to a server and run it from there continuously as a **background process**.

Why would you run a bot continuously? 

As bots usually operate over a long period of time, you might not want to run them from your own computer, as this means that you need to keep your computer on for a long period of time (imagine you want to keep a bot running for a year!). 

Instead, bot-makers often run their bots from a server. There they can run the bot as a *background process*, which allows them to continuously run a bot without their own precense. Processes can be stopped, started or restarted at any time with simple commands. Their status can be checked (to see if a bot is still running for example) and logfiles can be accessed.

These three ingredients (*code*, *API's* and *background processes*) provide insight into the digital materiality of bots.

In the next page we will further unpack the material implications of code, by zooming into the features and constraints of *programming logic*. 

<br>

## Footnotes

[^bucher]: Taina Bucher (?) *Objects of Intense Feeling: The Case of the Twitter API*
[^drucker]: Johanna Drucker (2013) *Performative Materiality and Theoretical Approaches to Interface*, <http://digitalhumanities.org//dhq/vol/7/1/000143/000143.html>
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago			`Title: Materiality of Bots`
			`Slug: 02-s6-step-2`
			`Date: 2020-11-01 12:01`
			`Summary: Code, API's and background processes.`

smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`Talking about the materiality of bots might sound a bit funny at first. It is crucial though to closely look at how and where a bot operates, in order to imagine in what kind of ways they can intervene in an infrastructure. To do this, we will study the digital materiality of bots.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`We use the term materiality by following Johanna Drucker's definition of performative materiality[^drucker]:`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`> “Performative materialtiy suggests that what something is has to be understood in terms of what it does, how it works within machinic, systemic, and cultural domains.”`


			`<!-- As we learned from the section Bot Logic: bot-making includes not only a study of technical mechanisms, it also includes studying the norms, values and communicative habits of an infrastructure. -->`

			`The materiality of bots can be unpacked through three technical ingredients of a bot-making process:`

			`1. code`
			`2. API's`
			`3. background processes`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a header 4 years ago			`### Code`

smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`The first ingredient will not come as a surprise: code.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`If we look at the digital materiality of a bot, we can say that a bot is a script: an executable file that sits on your computer or on a server. Code is used to describe how the bot makes a connection, what function it has and when it comes into action.`

			`There are a whole range of programming languages that a bot-maker can use to make a bot. Popular programming languages are Python and Javascript. The choice for a specific language is often based on the preference of the programmer, it is a bit like picking your favorite flavour or color. However, the choice for a programming language can also be based on the availability of a so called library: a friendly wrapper that enables a programmer to interact with an API.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a header 4 years ago			`### API's`

adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago			`If we talk about the relationship between platform and bots, we cannot escape talking about the API.`

smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`The term API is an acronym for Application Programming Interface. It is an code-based interface between the programmer and a platform, such as Wikipedia, Reddit, Whatsapp, Twitter or Mastodon. Not all communication infrastructures have an API, it's a decision of the owner of the infrastructure to make one. Every API is therefor different and each one comes with different rules and constraints.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`Taina Bucher[^bucher] defines an API as an infrastructural device that is shaped (and shaping) many different things:`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
			> “Among other things, web APIs encompass: a physicality in terms of the corporeal landscape of infrastructure and technology, through to the economic logics at work (i.e. business models, ownership, licencing of the APIs), functions and services (i.e. access to data), practices of users (i.e. forms of labor, play and collaboration), discursive formations (i.e. statements, knowledge, ideas), rules and norms (i.e. design principles, terms of service, technical standards), as well as social imaginaries and desires.”

smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`When looking at API's from a technical perspective, we see a set of rules that applications use to communicate with each other. This (apparently) neutral conception is in reality a very complex conglomerate of imaginaries, whether technological, economical or societal.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
			`Essentially does the API determine how the platform developers imagine it will be used by other developers, revealing a relationship of imbalanced power. It welcomes interventions as an opportunity to expand the functionalities beyond what the original developers might have imagined. On centralized infrastructures this often results into generating more economical value in the end.`

smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`So to sum up: a bot is written in code and uses an API to interact with an infrastructure.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a header 4 years ago			`### Background processes`

smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`To run the bot, we need one more last ingredient: a so called process.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`A process is nothing more then a term to refer to the act of putting the bot into action. In the most simple version, this can be done by running a script from your own computer. In a more complex version, you could upload your script to a server and run it from there continuously as a background process.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
			`Why would you run a bot continuously?`

smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`As bots usually operate over a long period of time, you might not want to run them from your own computer, as this means that you need to keep your computer on for a long period of time (imagine you want to keep a bot running for a year!).`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`Instead, bot-makers often run their bots from a server. There they can run the bot as a background process, which allows them to continuously run a bot without their own precense. Processes can be stopped, started or restarted at any time with simple commands. Their status can be checked (to see if a bot is still running for example) and logfiles can be accessed.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`These three ingredients (code, API's and background processes) provide insight into the digital materiality of bots.`

			`In the next page we will further unpack the material implications of code, by zooming into the features and constraints of programming logic.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
			`<br>`

			`## Footnotes`

smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`[^bucher]: Taina Bucher (?) Objects of Intense Feeling: The Case of the Twitter API`
			`[^drucker]: Johanna Drucker (2013) Performative Materiality and Theoretical Approaches to Interface, <http://digitalhumanities.org//dhq/vol/7/1/000143/000143.html>`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago