bots-as-digital-infrapunctures/content/Section 6 - Critical Interv.../2-materiality-of-bots.md

Title: Materiality of Bots
Slug: 02-s6-step-2
Date: 2020-11-01 12:01
Summary: Code, APIs and background processes.

In order to imagine in what kind of ways bots can intervene in an infrastructure, we will study the materiality of bots.

Their materiality can be unpacked through three technical ingredients of a bot making process:

1. **code**
2. **APIs**
3. **background processes**

### Code

The first ingredient will not come as a surprise: **code**. 

A bot is a script: an executable file that sits on your computer or on a server. Code is used to describe *how* the bot makes a connection, *what* functions it has and *when* it comes into action.

There are a whole range of programming languages that a bot maker can use to make a bot. The choice for a specific language is often based on the preference of the programmer. However, the choice for a programming language can also be based on the availability of a so called *library*: a friendly wrapper that enables a programmer to interact with an API. 

### APIs {#APIs}

If we talk about the relationship between communication infrastructures and bots, we cannot escape talking about the **API**. 

The term API is an acronym for Application Programming Interface. It is an code-based interface either between multiple applications or between the programmer and a platform, such as Wikipedia, Reddit, Whatsapp, Twitter or Mastodon. Not all communication infrastructures have an API, it is a decision of the owner of the infrastructure to make one. Having access to an infrastructure through a programming interface is not a default. Also, every API is different and each one comes with its own rules and constraints.

Taina Bucher[^bucher] defines an API as an infrastructural device that is shaped (and shaping) many different elements:

> Among other things, web APIs encompass: a physicality in terms of the corporeal landscape of infrastructure and technology, through to the economic logics at work (i.e. business models, ownership, licencing of the APIs), functions and services (i.e. access to data), practices of users (i.e. forms of labor, play and collaboration), discursive formations (i.e. statements, knowledge, ideas), rules and norms (i.e. design principles, terms of service, technical standards), as well as social imaginaries and desires.

When looking at APIs from a technical perspective, we see a set of rules that applications use to communicate with each other. This apparently neutral conception is in reality a very complex conglomerate of imaginaries, whether technological, economical or societal. 

Essentially the API determines how the platform developers imagine it will be used by other developers, revealing a relationship of imbalanced power. It welcomes interventions as an opportunity to expand the functionalities beyond what the original developers might have imagined. On centralized infrastructures this often results into generating more economical value in the end.

To sum up: a bot is written in **code** and uses an **API** to interact with an infrastructure.

### Background processes

To run the bot, we need one last ingredient: a so called **background process**.

A computational *process* is nothing more then a running script. In the simplest version, this can be done from your own computer. In a more complex version, you could upload your script to a server and run it from there continuously as a **background process**.

Why would you run a bot continuously? 

As bots usually operate over a long period of time, you might not want to run them from your own computer, as this means that you need to keep your computer on all this time (imagine you want to keep a bot running for a year!). 

Instead, bot makers often run their bots from a server as a *background process*, which allows them to be continuously active without any further intervention from the programmer. 

These three ingredients—*code*, *APIs* and *background processes*—provide insight into the technical materiality of bots.

In the next page we will zoom into the features and constraints of *programming logic*. 

<br>

## Footnotes

[^bucher]: Bucher, Taina. "Objects of Intense Feeling: The Case of the Twitter API" *Computational Culture 3* (2013) <http://computationalculture.net/objects-of-intense-feeling-the-case-of-the-twitter-api/>
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago			`Title: Materiality of Bots`
			`Slug: 02-s6-step-2`
			`Date: 2020-11-01 12:01`
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`Summary: Code, APIs and background processes.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`In order to imagine in what kind of ways bots can intervene in an infrastructure, we will study the materiality of bots.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`Their materiality can be unpacked through three technical ingredients of a bot making process:`
smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago
			`1. code`
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`2. APIs`
smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`3. background processes`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a header 4 years ago			`### Code`

smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago			`The first ingredient will not come as a surprise: code.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`A bot is a script: an executable file that sits on your computer or on a server. Code is used to describe how the bot makes a connection, what functions it has and when it comes into action.`
smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`There are a whole range of programming languages that a bot maker can use to make a bot. The choice for a specific language is often based on the preference of the programmer. However, the choice for a programming language can also be based on the availability of a so called library: a friendly wrapper that enables a programmer to interact with an API.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`### APIs {#APIs}`
adding a header 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`If we talk about the relationship between communication infrastructures and bots, we cannot escape talking about the API.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			The term API is an acronym for Application Programming Interface. It is an code-based interface either between multiple applications or between the programmer and a platform, such as Wikipedia, Reddit, Whatsapp, Twitter or Mastodon. Not all communication infrastructures have an API, it is a decision of the owner of the infrastructure to make one. Having access to an infrastructure through a programming interface is not a default. Also, every API is different and each one comes with its own rules and constraints.
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`Taina Bucher[^bucher] defines an API as an infrastructural device that is shaped (and shaping) many different elements:`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a seperate intro page for deb in section 1 4 years ago			> Among other things, web APIs encompass: a physicality in terms of the corporeal landscape of infrastructure and technology, through to the economic logics at work (i.e. business models, ownership, licencing of the APIs), functions and services (i.e. access to data), practices of users (i.e. forms of labor, play and collaboration), discursive formations (i.e. statements, knowledge, ideas), rules and norms (i.e. design principles, terms of service, technical standards), as well as social imaginaries and desires.
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`When looking at APIs from a technical perspective, we see a set of rules that applications use to communicate with each other. This apparently neutral conception is in reality a very complex conglomerate of imaginaries, whether technological, economical or societal.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`Essentially the API determines how the platform developers imagine it will be used by other developers, revealing a relationship of imbalanced power. It welcomes interventions as an opportunity to expand the functionalities beyond what the original developers might have imagined. On centralized infrastructures this often results into generating more economical value in the end.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`To sum up: a bot is written in code and uses an API to interact with an infrastructure.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a header 4 years ago			`### Background processes`

adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`To run the bot, we need one last ingredient: a so called background process.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`A computational process is nothing more then a running script. In the simplest version, this can be done from your own computer. In a more complex version, you could upload your script to a server and run it from there continuously as a background process.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
			`Why would you run a bot continuously?`

adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`As bots usually operate over a long period of time, you might not want to run them from your own computer, as this means that you need to keep your computer on all this time (imagine you want to keep a bot running for a year!).`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`Instead, bot makers often run their bots from a server as a background process, which allows them to be continuously active without any further intervention from the programmer.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`These three ingredients—code, APIs and background processes—provide insight into the technical materiality of bots.`
smaller and bigger edits everywhere (@ccl: catched a food flow :---)) 4 years ago
adding a big chunk of section 6 + a change in section 4 4 years ago			`In the next page we will zoom into the features and constraints of programming logic.`
adding text in section 6 + minor css edits 4 years ago
			`<br>`

			`## Footnotes`

adding many changes everywhere :P 4 years ago			`[^bucher]: Bucher, Taina. "Objects of Intense Feeling: The Case of the Twitter API" Computational Culture 3 (2013) <http://computationalculture.net/objects-of-intense-feeling-the-case-of-the-twitter-api/>`