went through all pages except for conclusion

content/Section 1 - Digital Infrapunctures/1-introduction.md

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 Title: Introduction - Digital Infrapuncture
 Slug: 01-s1-introduction-digital-infrapuncture
 Date: 2020-11-01 12:00
-Summary: *Digital infrapuncture* is a speculative term that draws attention to stress points in infrastructures and stimulates thinking about how to intervene. As infrastructures enable privacy breaches through user data extraction, or determine the agency of the user, or may perpetuate systemic inequalities through their very design, paying attention to the harms they produce is paramount.
+Summary: *Digital infrapuncture* is a term that draws attention to stress points in infrastructures and stimulates thinking about how to intervene. As private, corporate infrastructures slowly encroach on the public realm, they may enable privacy breaches through user data extraction, or determine the agency of the user, or may perpetuate systemic inequalities through their very design. Paying attention to the harms they produce is paramount.
 
+As private, corporate infrastructures slowly encroach on the public realm, they may enable privacy breaches through user data extraction, or determine the agency of the user, or may perpetuate systemic inequalities through their very design. Paying attention to the harms they produce is paramount.
 
-*Digital infrapuncture* is a speculative term that draws attention to stress points in infrastructures and stimulates thinking about how to intervene. In a talk she presented in 2016 called *Identifying the point of it all: Towards a Model of "Digital Infrapuncture"*[^DigitalInfrapuncture], Deb Verhoeven, who is the Canada 150 Research Chair in Gender and Cultural Informatics at the University of Alberta, develops this concept in relation to the field of digital humanities.
+*Digital infrapuncture* is a term that draws attention to what could be defined as stress points in infrastructures and stimulates thinking about how to intervene. In a talk she presented in 2016 called *Identifying the point of it all: Towards a Model of "Digital Infrapuncture"*[^DigitalInfrapuncture], Deb Verhoeven develops this concept in relation to the field of digital humanities. In her talk she gives the example of the Greek and Italian cinemas that appeared in Melbourne before the invention of the video tape and the influence they have had over the influx and self-organisation of the Italian and Greek immigrants living in Australia at the time. Her research concluded that these small cinemas that only screened subtitled Italian and Greek movies led to an increase in migrant population from those areas. Similarly, the shutting down of a cinema coincided with the dispersion of the immigrant community in the neighbourhood. She uses this example to illustrate the importance of alterations in infrastructures for social and cultural exchange.
 
-Informed by the work of scholar Bethany Nowviskie[^Nowviskie], Verhoeven asks for a rethinking of digital infrastructures in terms of capacity and care, by *"developing an appreciation for where it hurts, where the sense of pain is in the worlds that we inhabit and study"* and creating small scale interventions which can enkindle transformation on a larger scale.
+Informed by the work of scholar Bethany Nowviskie[^Nowviskie], Verhoeven asks for a rethinking of digital infrastructures in terms of capacity and care, by "developing an appreciation for where it hurts, where the sense of pain is in the worlds that we inhabit and study" and creating small scale interventions which can enkindle transformation on a larger scale.
 
 In her presentation, she describes digital infrastructures according to their:
 
@@ -14,19 +15,19 @@ In her presentation, she describes digital infrastructures according to their:
 * their capacity for **repair**[^Jackson]
 * and their capacity to **bring things (back) together**
 
-![A screenshot of the last slide from Verhoeven's presentation.](images/slide.png)
+<!-- ![A screenshot of the last slide from Verhoeven's presentation.](images/slide.png) -->
 
-If we understand an infrastructure as a relational structure - or in other words - as a technology that brings things (back) together, we can start to critically enquire where infrastructures fail to do so.
+This definition of digital infrastructures favours their community-making capacities. It centers the desire for an infrastructure to recover from moments of stress and continue existing for the benefit of the community who participates in it. If we understand an infrastructure as a relational structure - or in other words - as a technology that brings things (back) together, we can start to critically enquire where infrastructures fail to do so.
 
 How does an infrastructure connect? And how are these connections constructed and formatted?
 
-Who is an infrastructure bringing together? And who *not*? What are the conditions and possibilities for connection they provide? Where do they *not* connect and consequently exclude people?
+Who is an infrastructure bringing together? And who is excluded from this process? What are the conditions and possibilities for connection they provide?
 
 And, most importantly, *who* has the access and agency to actually intervene in the design of infrastructures? And *how*?
 
 <br>
 
-# Footnotes & Further readings
+# Footnotes
 
 [^DigitalInfrapuncture]: Verhoeven, Deb. "Opening Keynote: Identifying the point of it all: Towards a Model of 'Digital Infrapuncture'" *Digital Humanities at Oxford Summer School* (2016) [https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/opening-keynote-identifying-point-it-all-towards-model-digital-infrapuncture](https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/opening-keynote-identifying-point-it-all-towards-model-digital-infrapuncture)
 

content/Section 1 - Digital Infrapunctures/2-introduction-deb-verhoeven.md

@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 Title: Introduction: Deb Verhoeven
 Slug: 02-s1-introduction-deb-verhoeven
 Date: 2020-11-01 12:01
-Summary:
+Summary: Deb Verhoeven's work explores the intersection between cinema studies and other disciplines such as history, information management, geo-spatial science, statistics, urban studies and economics.
 
-Deb Verhoeven first introduced the term *infrapuncture* in 2016 at a Digital Humanities conference in Oxford. In her talk she gives the example of the Greek and Italian cinemas that appeared in Melbourne before the invention of the video tape and the influence they have had over the influx and organisation of the Italian and Greek immigrants living in Australia at the time. Her research concluded that these small cinemas that only screened subtitled Italian and Greek movies led to an increase in migrant population from those areas. Similarly, the shutting down of a cinema coincided with the dispersion of the immigrant community in the neighbourhood.
+Deb Verhoeven is the Canada 150 Research Chair in Gender and Cultural Informatics at the University of Alberta. She is the Director of the Humanities Networked Infrastructure project[^huni], a linked data initiative which brings together datasets from multiple Australian cultural organisations into one database. Verhoeven's work explores the intersection between cinema studies and other disciplines such as history, information management, geo-spatial science, statistics, urban studies and economics.
 
-In the following video contributions, Deb Verhoeven will unpack the term *infrapunctures*. She will explore how it is a useful departure point for infrastructural change that is beneficial for the communities who uses them. We invited Deb Verhoeven to respond to the following questions:
+In the following video contributions, Deb Verhoeven will unpack the term *infrapunctures*. She will explore how it is a useful departure point for infrastructural change that is beneficial for the communities who uses them. We invited her to respond to the following questions:
 
 * What are digital infrapunctures?
 * How do we identify stress points in digital infrastructures?
 * Who can create infrapunctures?
 * Could you expand on the analogy of acupuncture in relation to infrastructures?
 * Could you give some examples of infrapunctural interventions?
+
+
+# Footnotes
+[^huni]: Humanities Networked Infrastructure. Last accessed 9th November 2020. <https://huni.net.au/#/search>

content/Section 2 - Harm in Computational Infrastructures/1-introduction.md

@@ -3,10 +3,16 @@ Slug: 01-s2-introduction
 Date: 2020-11-01 12:00
 Summary:
 
-Computational infrastructures are complex entities consisting of different technological, social, economical and political dimensions. As is the case with any type of infrastructure, also computational infrastructures come with embedded values. Their configurations shape the possibilities and restrictions of the system, defining what could be build on top and what not.
+Previously we have become acquainted with a view on *digital infrastructures* that highlights their reparative and connective characteristics. In this section we will trace the term *computational infrastructures,* which forefronts how infrastructures are made from material elements and how they move said elements in the world.
 
-In this section we will unpack how computational infrastructures operate and what impact that has on the digital systems that are being built on top of them.
+Seda Gürses' work on computational infrastructures which was developed in collaboration with Martha Poon and Roel Dobbe provides us with handles to study them.[^programmableinfrastructures]
+
+Computational infrastructures are complex entities shaped by different technological, social, economical and political dimensions. As is the case with any type of infrastructure, they also come with embedded values. Their configurations shape the possibilities and restrictions of the system, defining what can be built on top of them and what not. The logics of computational infrastructures are shaped by global capital, material components, political values, and in turn shape labour relations, environmental ecosystems, as well as the political economies in which they operate.
 
 <!-- Who designs them? What values do they embed into digital systems?  -->
 
 <!-- What types of harm do they cause and who is effected by it? -->
+
+# Footnotes
+
+[^programmableinfrastructures]: Seda Gürses, Roel Dobbe, Martha Poon "Seminar on Programmable Infrastructures" (2020) <https://www.tudelft.nl/tbm/programmable-infrastructures/>

content/Section 2 - Harm in Computational Infrastructures/2-introduction-seda.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Summary: *Computational infrastructures* and *POTs (Protective Optimization Tech
 
 Seda Gürses is an Associate Professor in the Department of Multi-Actor Systems at TU Delft at the Faculty of Technology Policy and Management, a member of The Institute for Technology in the Public Interest and an affiliate at the COSIC Group at the Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven. Beyond her academic work, she also collaborated with artistic initiatives including Constant vzw, Bootlab, De-center, ESC in Brussels, Graz and Berlin.
 
-Gürses' work provides us with handles to study computational infrastructures. The paper on *POTs (Protective Optimization Technologies)*[^pots] she co-wrote, for example, proposes forms of critical *optimization* practices. Such practices "aim at addressing risks and harms that cannot be captured from the fairness perspective and cannot be addressed without a cooperative service provider"[add page number]. The paper questions current "fairness" approaches, by questioning their limitations and creating space for community-inclusive ways to review them. Following Michael A. Jackson’s theory of requirements engineering, it also proposes to approach computational infrastructures as being far more than a technological system alone, thus shifting focus from the system itself to the economical, political and social context in which it operates.
+Furthermore, in the paper *POTs (Protective Optimization Technologies)*[^pots] she co-wrote together with Bogdan Lulynych, Rebekah Overdorf and Carmela Troncoso, she proposes forms of critical *optimization* practices. Such practices "aim at addressing risks and harms that cannot be captured from the fairness perspective and cannot be addressed without a cooperative service provider"[add page number]. The paper questions current "fairness" approaches, by questioning their limitations and creating space for community-inclusive ways to review them. Following Michael A. Jackson’s theory of requirements engineering, it also proposes to approach computational infrastructures as being far more than a technological system alone, thus shifting focus from the system itself to the economical, political and social context in which it operates.
 
 By questioning how technologies could *optimize* their mode of operation in a truly just way, *POTs* provide "means for affected parties to address negative impacts of digital systems" [page number]. The work departs from a thorough consideration of multiple forms of *harm* caused by computational infrastructures framed as *externalities*[^externalities]. Examples of such externalities include lack of privacy, discrimination, low wages and surveillance. How a *POT* might engage with them is then illustrated through a range of activist, artistic and deployed examples of repurposed optimization technologies that "correct, shift or expose these harms".
 
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ We will introduce the work of Gürses and dive with her into the following quest
 
 [^pots]: Bogdan Lulynych, Rebekah Overdorf, Carmela Troncoso, Seda Gürses "POTs: Protective Optimization Technologies" (2020) <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.02711.pdf>
 
-[^progammableinfrastructures]: Seda Gürses, Roel Dobbe, Martha Poon "Seminar on Programmable Infrastructures" (2020) <https://www.tudelft.nl/tbm/programmable-infrastructures/>
-
 [^titipi]: Miriyam Aouragh, Seda Gürses, Femke Snelting, Helen Pritchard "The Institute for Technology in the Public Interest" (accessed on 2020) <http://titipi.org/>
 
 [^externalities]: *Externalities* is one of the concepts and phrases in the paper that are borrowed from software and requirements engineering, and from economics and social sciences.

content/Section 3 - Introduction to Bots/1-introduction.md

@@ -3,15 +3,11 @@ Slug: 01-s3-introduction
 Date: 2020-11-01 12:00
 Summary: What type of bots are being made?
 
-Until now we have been referring to *digital infrastructures*. However, bots are often contextualised as acting *platforms*. What is the difference between these terms and where do they overlap?
-
-In many ways digital infrastructures and platforms overlap in their invisibility, broad public usage, or extensibility. According to Plantin et al (2016), both ways of framing offer helpful elements for their analysis. We are witnessing a platformisation of infrastructure in tandem with an infrastructuralisation of platforms through information technologies. Here we find, on the one hand, infrastructures start to splinter into services taken over by private enterprises, and on the other hand, platforms start taking on more responsibilities which were previously managed by the government[^platin].
-
-For the purposes of this online module, we are interested in the programmability (what can be build on top of the offered functionalities) and affordances (what is made possible through a design) of platforms combined with the public interest and responsibility of infrastructures (through standards and public funding). However, in order to highlight the importance of optimization practices for a public interest, and not for corporate profit, we will from now on refer to platforms as *digital communication infrastructures*. Doing so avoids the ambiguity of describing the activity of repair for different kinds of interest, which could include corporate interest. We are interested in the potential of bots to repair in the benefit of one or multiple public interests.
-
 Having just unfolded what infrastructural harms could be, we now move to exploring bots. When we say bots, we refer to software applications that automatise certain tasks and can run autonomously or semi-autonomously. Some of the most popular examples include voice assistants such as Alexa or Siri, but they can also be web crawlers indexing the web or even bots maintaining Wikipedia.
 
-The particular bots we are interested in for this online module are those that interface between digital platforms and human users. This phenomenon Andreas Hepp terms "communicative robots"[^hepp], robots that "are defined as autonomously operating systems designed for the purpose of quasi-communication  with human beings to enable further algorithmic-based functionalities – often but not always on the basis of artificial intelligence" (1410).
+Bots are an interface between digital infrastructures and human users. They are automated scripts that fulfil specific tasks which do not require expensive equipment to be able to be run.
+
+Andreas Hepp terms *communicative robots*[^hepp] as "autonomously operating systems designed for the purpose of quasi-communication  with human beings to enable further algorithmic-based functionalities – often but not always on the basis of artificial intelligence" (1410).
 
 In this section, we will introduce Andreas Hepp, professor of media and communications at the ZeMKI, University of Bremen.
 

content/Section 4 - Bot Logic/1-introduction.md

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ Slug: 01-s4-introduction
 Date: 2020-11-01 12:00
 Summary: Bots as computational infrapunctures.
 
-*Infrapuncture* is a helpful term at a time when there is a lot of discussion around the political roles of bots in communication platforms, e.g. their undue influence in political elections. Making a bot can be a way to probe and understand potential forms of interventions, create new imaginaries or deflate existing hegemonic structures.
+*Infrapuncture* is a helpful term at a time when there is a lot of discussion around the political roles of bots in communication platforms, e.g. their undue influence in political elections. Making a bot can be a way to probe and understand potential forms of interventions, create new imaginaries or attempt to deflate existing hegemonic structures.
 
-Bots rely on the technical restrictions and possibilities of interaction defined by the infrastructure on which they are operating. In order to run a bot, a technical understanding of this infrastructure is therefore required. The API (Application Programming Interface) is an important entry point here. This technical framework provides a programming interface to communicate with a system. The API can be understood as a *door protocol* that is designed by the owner of an infrastructure, which eventually defines the technical imaginary of a platform. (*We dive a bit deeper into API's in Section 6, [click here](/02-s6-step-2.html#APIs) to go there directly.*)
+Bots rely on the technical restrictions and possibilities of interaction defined by the infrastructure on which they are operating. In order to run a bot, a technical understanding of this infrastructure is therefore required. The API (Application Programming Interface) is an important entry point here. This technical framework provides a programming interface to communicate with a system. The API can be understood as a set of agreements that is designed by the engineers of an infrastructure for two applications to communicate with one another, which eventually defines the technical imaginary of a platform. (*We dive a bit deeper into API's in Section 6, [click here](/02-s6-step-2.html#APIs) to go there directly.*)
 
 Before launching a bot into a digital environment, the bot maker does not only need to find a technical entry point, but also a social one. Writing a bot also implies a thorough understanding of what determines the possibilities of interaction and the social norms established within a social environment.
 

content/Section 4 - Bot Logic/2-bot-logic-vs-platform-logic.md

@@ -3,11 +3,8 @@ Slug: 02-s4-bot-logic
 Date: 2020-11-01 12:02
 Summary: *Bot logic* disperses, fragments, develops intimate knowledge & encourages new habit formation.
 
-<!-- What kind of logics do bots use to operate? -->
 
-<!-- *Bot logic* refers to the situational effect of bots upon a socio-technical ecology and their potential to infiltrate and co-exist with server-side conditions.  -->
-
-We propose the term *bot logic* in response to *platform logic*, which Jonas Andersson Schwarz describes as
+*Bot logic* refers to the situational effect of bots upon a socio-technical ecology and their potential to infiltrate and co-exist with server-side conditions. We propose the term *bot logic* in response to *platform logic*, which Jonas Andersson Schwarz describes as
 
 > digital platforms enacting a twofold logic of micro-level technocentric control and macro-level geopolitical domination, while at the same time having a range of generative outcomes, arising between these two levels[^platformlogic]. [this needs a bit of further unpacking it is too abstract to comprehend now]
 
@@ -17,7 +14,7 @@ To unpack the term *bot logic* further, we will explore four differences between
 
 * Where platform logic accumulates, *bot logic* disperses
 
-On commercial platforms, the engagement of users creates economic value that is translated through data capture and organisation. Data is extracted from users and used to calculate relevance, make recommendations and target users for advertisements. While bots can and do support this economy, they can also undermine it. In the case of buying bot followers, for instance, this can be a means to generate noise in the collected dataset and blur the perception of the user as a set of behaviours that the platform has.
+On commercial digital infrastructures, the engagement of users creates economic value that is translated through data capture and organisation. Data is extracted from users and used to calculate relevance, make recommendations and target users for advertisements. While bots can and do support this economy, they can also undermine it. In the case of buying bot followers, for instance, this can be a means to generate noise in the collected dataset and blur the perception of the user as a set of behaviours that the platform makes available.
 
 * Where platform logic centralises, *bot logic* fragments
 

content/Section 4 - Bot Logic/3-examples.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ We will give a few examples of bots to show how *bot logics* are put into practi
 
 **Stay Woke Bot**
 
-In 2016, Darius Kazemi, a computer programmer and artist, made staywokebot[^staywoke] in conversation with Black Lives Matter activists DeRay Mckesson and Samuel Sinyangwe. The bot sent out messages to its Twitter followers to uplift activists' morale and provide joyful interactions. Kazemi has also worked on private bots for activists that take over some of the repetitive or distressing work. They attempt to mitigate the harm and exhaustion that activists are exposed to on communication platforms such as Twitter by acting as a type of prosthesis.
+In 2016, Darius Kazemi, a computer programmer and artist, made staywokebot[^staywoke] in conversation with Black Lives Matter activists DeRay Mckesson and Samuel Sinyangwe. The bot sent out messages to its Twitter followers to uplift activists' morale and provide joyful interactions. Kazemi has also worked on private bots for activists that take over some of the repetitive or distressing work. They attempt to mitigate the harm and exhaustion that activists are exposed to on digital infrapunctures such as Twitter by acting as a type of prosthesis.
 
 ------------
 
@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ It turned out that most edits made by these IP addresses were fixing punctuation
 
 **OCRbot**
 
-OCRbot[^ocr] is a bot made for Mastodon, which responds to users calling who call it. It is used to run OCR (Optical Character Recognition) on images containing text and it is an especially helpful feature for generated captions for vision impaired people. This example of a bot shows how users can alter the functionalities of a platform through a bot. Where there is a lack in the Mastodon interface, this bot can be used to supplement it and in this way increase the accessibility of the site. The code for this bot is available of Github[^ocrcode].
-
+OCRbot[^ocr] is a bot made for Mastodon, which responds to users calling who call it. It is used to run OCR (Optical Character Recognition) on images containing text and it is an especially helpful feature for generated captions for vision impaired people. This example of a bot shows how users can alter the functionalities of a digital infrastructure through a bot. Where there is a lack in the Mastodon interface, this bot can be used to supplement it and in this way increase the accessibility of the site. The code for this bot is available of Github[^ocrcode].
 
 
 # Footnotes

content/Section 4 - Bot Logic/4-bot-behaviour.md

@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@ Slug: 04-s4-bot-behaviour
 Date: 2020-11-01 12:04
 Summary: As programmable objects bots have particular action modes.
 
+We have traced the orientations of *digital infrastructures* and *computational infrastructures* in previous sections. However, bots are often contextualised as acting on *platforms*. What is the difference between these terms and where do they overlap?
+
+In many ways infrastructures and platforms overlap in their invisibility, broad public usage, or extensibility. According to Plantin et al (2016), both ways of framing offer helpful elements for their analysis. We are witnessing a platformisation of infrastructure in tandem with an infrastructuralisation of platforms through information technologies. Here we find, on the one hand, infrastructures start to splinter into services taken over by private enterprises, and on the other hand, platforms start taking on more responsibilities which were previously managed by the government[^platin].
+
+For the purposes of this online module, we are interested in the programmability (what can be build on top of the offered functionalities) mentioned in the previous section and affordances (what is made possible through a design) of platforms combined with the valorisation of public interest and accountability systems that are characteristic of infrastructures (through standards and public funding). However, in order to highlight the importance of optimization practices for a public interest, and not for corporate profit, we will from now on refer to *digital infrastructures*. Doing so avoids the ambiguity of describing the activity of repair for different kinds of interest, which could include corporate interest. We are interested in the potential of bots to repair in the benefit of one or multiple public interests. However, as we stay close to Deb Verhoeven's terminology, we will not forget the shaping forces described by Seda Gürses.
+
 As programmable objects bots have particular *action modes*.
 
 Below some examples (although this is a non-exhaustive list).
@@ -17,13 +23,17 @@ Below some examples (although this is a non-exhaustive list).
 
 Of course, these action modes can also be executed by people.
 
-It is by no means surprising that many Twitter users are mistaken for bots, or that the term itself has attained a derogatory meaning. However, an interesting phenomenon can be observed on platforms such as Twitter, where human users have adopted a type of bot behaviour to create networks of dissent and to push activist counter-narratives.
+It is by no means surprising that many Twitter users are mistaken for bots, or that the term itself has attained a derogatory meaning. However, an interesting phenomenon can be observed on digital infrastructures such as Twitter, where human users have adopted a type of bot behaviour to create networks of dissent and to push activist counter-narratives.
 
 Such a moment happened recently on Dutch Twitter. In response to the Black Lives Matter protests, extreme right wing politician Geert Wilders posted an image on Twitter on June 5th 2020 using the hashtag #ZwartePietMatters.[^zwartepiet] Following this post, a wave of fancam[^fanpic] users from the k-pop community flooded the hashtag with video recordings of their favourite k-pop stars, making the thread difficult to follow. Such practices are becoming a common phenomenon across the Twitterscape, where fancams are used not only for praising musicians, but instead for derailing and hijacking hashtags these users consider unacceptable.
 
-Fancam users display an intimate understanding of the platform, so much so that they manually generate noise through collective interventions in various topics. The repetitiveness of their attacks and the high amount thereof clog the thread interface, thus altering its functionality. In this sense, human user interventions can also be phrased as bot logic being applied.
+Fancam users display an intimate understanding of the digital infrastructure, so much so that they manually generate noise through collective interventions in various topics. The repetitiveness of their attacks and the high amount thereof clog the thread interface, thus altering its functionality. In this sense, human user interventions can also be phrased as bot logic being applied.
+
+<!-- maybe introduce seda's POTs here? -->
 
 ## Footnotes
 
+[^platin]: Plantin, Jean-Cristophe. Lagoze, Carl. Edwards, Paul N. Sandvig, Christian. "Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of Google and Facebook" *New Media and Society* Volume 20 (2016): 293-310. <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816661553>
+
 [^zwartepiet]: According to Dutch folklore, Zwarte Piet is the companion of Sinterklaas. When performed, the character is represented through anti-Black imagery: blackface, curly wigs, bright red lipstick. Black activist groups in The Netherlands have been campaigning for the delegitimisation of this character for many years.
 [^fanpic]: Fancam is footage focusing on a single member of a band, usually while the group is performing. It can also be used for solo artists.

content/Section 6 - Critical Interventions Through Bots (exercise)/1-introduction.md

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Slug: 01-s6-step-1
 Date: 2020-11-01 12:00
 Summary: Start of the bot-making excercise.
 
-In this last section of the module we will make a bot. 🤖
+In this last section of the module we will make a bot in order to get hands on with the language from which bots are made: code. 🤖
 
 We will use the script we wrote in the previous section and translate it into a bot ([in case you haven't done it yet, it is recommended to go through this section first](/category/section-5-infrapunctural-imaginaries-exercise.html)).
 
@@ -13,5 +13,4 @@ Then we will go through a couple of basic features of **programming logic** to e
 
 After that, we will look at the code of an **example bot**, to study how other bot makers write and operate them.
 
-And lastly, we will finish this module by **making a bot** ourselves. 
-
+And lastly, we will finish this module by **making a bot** ourselves.

content/Section 6 - Critical Interventions Through Bots (exercise)/3-programming-logic.md

@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ Variables can be used in mathematical operations, such as the following:
 a = 3
 b = '3'
 
-a + b 
+a + b
 > 6.0
 
-a + b 
+a + b
 > Error
 
-a * a 
+a * a
 > 9
 
 a * b
@@ -52,25 +52,25 @@ There are multiple ways to store data, two of them being lists and dictionaries.
 ```
 agents = ['bot', programmer', 'user', 'moderator', 'server', 'regulator']
 colors = ['red', 'magenta', 'yellow', 'blue', 'purple', 'green']
-objects = ['apple', 'book', 'cable'] 
+objects = ['apple', 'book', 'cable']
 some_numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
 ```
 
 **Dictionaries**
 
 ```
-vocabulary = { 
+vocabulary = {
 
-    'welcome' : 'Hello, how are you doing?', 
-    'disagreement' : 'That makes no sense to me.', 
-    'greeting' : 'Thanks for this, bye!' 
+    'welcome' : 'Hello, how are you doing?',
+    'disagreement' : 'That makes no sense to me.',
+    'greeting' : 'Thanks for this, bye!'
 
     }
 ```
 
 ### Loops
 
-A loop is an element in programming that allows you to execute a single line of code for a certain number of times or until a condition is fulfilled. 
+A loop is an element in programming that allows you to execute a single line of code for a certain number of times or until a condition is fulfilled.
 
 By using for example a `range()` loop, you can ask the program to execute a command `x` many times. In the following example, the `print()` command is asked to return the word `bot` as many times as the loop is iterating.
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ for sentence in sentences:
 
 ### if/else statements
 
-A next element in writing your bot could include the description of specific behavior at specific moments. If/else statements are used to trigger certain commands `if` a specific condition is met, or `else` execute an alternative command. 
+A next element in writing your bot could include the description of specific behavior at specific moments. If/else statements are used to trigger certain commands `if` a specific condition is met, or `else` execute an alternative command.
 
 ```
 for x in range(5):
@@ -130,12 +130,11 @@ for x in range(5):
     else:
         print('Counting ...')
 
-> Counting ... 
-> Counting ... 
+> Counting ...
+> Counting ...
 > This is the middle!
 > Counting ...
 > Counting ...
 ```
 
-These are just a few examples of how the automated tasks of a bot could be written in a programmatic way. Of course there are many more which we will not exhaust in this module, but by describing the basics of how these blocks combine, we can start to comprehend the logical operations and operators that together can be turned into more complex bots. At the same time, this extremely brief introduction in programming features also provides us with some hints at the limitations of such formal languages. For example, try to imagine how you could capture the word *bank* as a variable, both for its understanding as a financial institute and the side of a river. Contextual information is very hard to grasp for computers, computational purists would even argue that it is impossible.
-
+These are just a few examples of how the automated tasks of a bot could be written in a programmatic way. Of course there are many more which we will not exhaust in this module, but by describing the basics of how these blocks combine, we can start to comprehend the logical operations and operators that together can be turned into more complex bots. At the same time, this extremely brief introduction in programming features also provides us with some hints at the limitations of such formal languages. For example, try to imagine how you could index the multiple meanings of the word *bank* through a variable, both for its understanding as a financial institute and the side of a river. Contextual information is very hard to grasp for computers, some would even argue that it is impossible.

content/Section 6 - Critical Interventions Through Bots (exercise)/5-end-of-the-module.md

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-Title: Bots as Digital Infrapunctures 
+Title: Bots as Digital Infrapunctures
 Slug: 05-s6-step-5
 Date: 2020-11-01 12:05
 Summary: End of the module
 
-The end of the module has been reached now. The term *digital infrapunctures* leaves us with potentialities and possibilities to critically engage with digital infrastructures, that ask for further unfolding and experimentation. Infrapunctures can be small. Every intervention can tigger bigger ones. To make sure that we can rely on truly fair operating infrastructures, we need a whole range of actions that expose infrastructural stress points. Could these include activistic bots marking hurt? Poetic bots proposing alternative readings? Or annoying bots asking for attention?
+We have reached the end of the module. The term *digital infrapunctures* leaves us with possibilities to critically engage with digital infrastructures, that ask for further unfolding and experimentation. Infrapunctures can be small. Every intervention can trigger bigger ones. To make sure that we can rely on truly fair operating infrastructures, we need a whole range of actions that expose infrastructural stress points. Could these include activist bots marking hurt? Poetic bots proposing alternative readings? Or annoying bots asking for attention?
 
-Eventually however, when we zoom out a bit, the question that we should attent to first is the following:
+Eventually however, when we zoom out a bit, the question that we should attend to first is the following:
 
 In a time of infrastructural complexity, do you put your effort into destabilizing an existing system where the hurt is already beyond reparation or do you use your energy to punctuate another space that at least attempts to do things ethically and has the potential to provide agency over their tranformations to a broader group of people?