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1095 lines
154 KiB
1095 lines
154 KiB
8 months ago
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<li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Year+2038+problem" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Year+2038+problem" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li>
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Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a>
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<li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li>
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<nav id="mw-panel-toc" role="navigation" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark">
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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned"
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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button>
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div>
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<li id="toc-Cause"
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span>Cause</div>
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<li id="toc-Vulnerable_systems"
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulnerable_systems">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span>Vulnerable systems</div>
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<span class="vector-icon vector-icon--x-small mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span>
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<span>Toggle Vulnerable systems subsection</span>
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedded_systems">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span>Embedded systems</div>
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_problems">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>Early problems</div>
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</a>
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<ul id="toc-Early_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<li id="toc-Solutions"
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solutions">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>Solutions</div>
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<button aria-controls="toc-Solutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle">
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<span class="vector-icon vector-icon--x-small mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span>
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<span>Toggle Solutions subsection</span>
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</button>
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<ul id="toc-Solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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<li id="toc-Implemented_solutions"
|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implemented_solutions">
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span>Implemented solutions</div>
|
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<ul id="toc-Implemented_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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</ul>
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</li>
|
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<li id="toc-See_also"
|
||
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also">
|
||
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span>See also</div>
|
||
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</a>
|
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<ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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</li>
|
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<li id="toc-Notes"
|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes">
|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span>Notes</div>
|
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</a>
|
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<ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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</li>
|
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<li id="toc-References"
|
||
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References">
|
||
|
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>References</div>
|
||
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</a>
|
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<ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
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|
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<li id="toc-External_links"
|
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded">
|
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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links">
|
||
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<div class="vector-toc-text">
|
||
|
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>External links</div>
|
||
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</a>
|
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<ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">
|
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|
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|
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</nav>
|
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|
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</div>
|
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<div class="mw-content-container">
|
||
|
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<main id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
|
||
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<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
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<nav role="navigation" aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark">
|
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<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" >
|
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<input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" >
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<label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span>
|
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<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span>
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<div class="vector-dropdown-content">
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<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">
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|
||
|
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Year 2038 problem</span></h1>
|
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|
||
|
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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" >
|
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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" >
|
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<label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span>
|
||
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|
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<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span>
|
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</label>
|
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|
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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list">
|
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|
||
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9_2038" title="مشكلة سنة 2038 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problema_del_a%C3%B1u_2038" title="Problema del añu 2038 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/2038-ci_il_problemi" title="2038-ci il problemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_2038_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Праблема 2038 году – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%82_2038_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Проблемът 2038 година – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problema_de_l%27any_2038" title="Problema de l'any 2038 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probl%C3%A9m_roku_2038" title="Problém roku 2038 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85r_2038-problemet" title="År 2038-problemet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahr-2038-Problem" title="Jahr-2038-Problem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_2038" title="Πρόβλημα του έτους 2038 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problema_del_a%C3%B1o_2038" title="Problema del año 2038 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problemo_de_jaro_2038" title="Problemo de jaro 2038 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2038_efektua" title="2038 efektua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B3%DB%B8" title="مشکل سال ۲۰۳۸ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_de_l%27an_2038" title="Bug de l'an 2038 – F
|
||
|
|
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|
||
|
|
<div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q459405#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div>
|
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|
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|
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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer software bug occurring in 2038</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Year_2038_problem" title="Special:EditPage/Year 2038 problem">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Year+2038+problem%22">"Year 2038 problem"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Year+2038+problem%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Year+2038+problem%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Year+2038+problem%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Year+2038+problem%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Year+2038+problem%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Mai
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Year_2038_problem.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Year_2038_problem.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>An animated visual of the bug in action. The <a href="/wiki/Integer_overflow" title="Integer overflow">overflow</a> error will occur at 03:14:08 UTC on 19 January 2038.</figcaption></figure>
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<p>The <b>year 2038 problem</b> (also known as <b>Y2038</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup> <b>Y2K38</b>, <b>Y2K38 superbug</b> or the <b>Epochalypse</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs" title="Time formatting and storage bugs">time computing problem</a> that leaves some computer systems unable to represent times after 03:14:07 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> on 19 January 2038.
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</p><p>The problem exists in systems which measure <a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a> – the number of seconds elapsed since the <i>Unix <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(computing)" title="Epoch (computing)">epoch</a></i> (00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970) – and store it in a <a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">signed 32-bit integer</a>. The data type is only capable of representing integers between −(2<sup>31</sup>) and <a href="/wiki/2,147,483,647" title="2,147,483,647">2<sup>31</sup> − 1</a>, meaning the latest time that can be properly encoded is 2<sup>31</sup> − 1 seconds after epoch (03:14:07 UTC on 19 January 2038). Attempting to increment to the following second (03:14:08) will cause the <a href="/wiki/Integer_overflow" title="Integer overflow">integer to overflow</a>, setting its value to −(2<sup>31</sup>) which systems will interpret as 2<sup>31</sup> seconds <i>before</i> epoch (20:45:52 UTC on 13 December 1901). The problem is similar in nature to the <a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">year 2000 problem</a>. Analogous storage constraints for unsigned 32-bit integers will be reached in <a href="/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs#Year_2106" title="Time formatting and storage bugs">2106</a>.
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</p><p>Computer systems that use time for critical computations may encounter fatal errors if the year 2038 problem is not addressed. Some applications that use future dates have already encountered the bug. The most vulnerable systems are those which are infrequently or never updated, such as <a href="/wiki/Legacy_system" title="Legacy system">legacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>. To address the problem, many modern systems have been upgraded to measure Unix time with signed <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> integers instead, which will take 292 billion years to overflow—approximately 21 times the estimated <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cause">Cause</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_2038_problem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Many computer systems measure time and date as <a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a>, an international standard for digital timekeeping. Unix time is defined as the number of seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> on 1 January 1970 (an arbitrarily chosen time based on the creation of the first <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix system</a>), which has been dubbed the <i>Unix epoch</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNMP-H-78-KY-M-Leviticus25:35-37_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNMP-H-78-KY-M-Leviticus25:35-37-4">[4]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Unix time has historically been encoded as a <a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">signed 32-bit integer</a>, a data type composed of 32 <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">binary digits</a> (bits) which represent an integer value, with 'signed' meaning that the number can represent both positive and negative numbers, as well as zero; and is usually stored in <a href="/wiki/Two%27s_complement" title="Two's complement">two's complement</a> format.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></sup> Thus, a signed 32-bit integer can only represent integer values from −(2<sup>31</sup>) to <a href="/wiki/2,147,483,647" title="2,147,483,647">2<sup>31</sup> − 1</a> inclusive. Consequently, if a signed 32-bit integer is used to store Unix time, the latest time that can be stored is 2<sup>31</sup> − 1 (2,147,483,647) seconds after epoch, which is 03:14:07 on Tuesday, 19 January 2038.<sup id="cite_ref-spinellis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spinellis-6">[5]</a></sup> Systems that attempt to increment this value by one more second to 2<sup>31</sup> seconds after epoch (03:14:08) will suffer <a href="/wiki/Integer_overflow" title="Integer overflow">integer overflow</a>, inadvertently flipping the sign bit to indicate a negative number. This changes the integer value to −(2<sup>31</sup>), or 2<sup>31</sup> seconds <i>before</i> epoch rather than <i>after</i>, which systems will interpret as 20:45:52 on Friday, 13 December 1901. From here, systems will continue to count up, toward zero, and then up through the positive integers again. As many computer systems use time computations to run critical functions, the bug may introduce fatal errors.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Vulnerable_systems">Vulnerable systems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_2038_problem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vulnerable systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>Any system using <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a> with 32-bit time representations has an inherent risk to fail. A full list of these data structures is virtually impossible to derive, but there are well-known data structures that have the Unix time problem:
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</p>
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<ul><li>File systems that use 32 bits to represent times in <a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">inodes</a></li>
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<li>Binary file formats with 32-bit time fields</li>
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<li>Databases with 32-bit time fields</li>
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<li>Database query languages (such as <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>) that have <code>UNIX_TIMESTAMP()</code>-like commands</li></ul>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Embedded_systems">Embedded systems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_2038_problem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Embedded systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded systems</a> that use dates for either computation or diagnostic logging are most likely to be affected by the Y2038 problem.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a></sup> Despite the modern <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">18–24 month generational update in computer systems technology</a>, embedded systems are designed to last the lifetime of the machine in which they are a component. It is conceivable that some of these systems may still be in use in 2038. It may be impractical or, in some cases, impossible to upgrade the software running these systems, ultimately requiring replacement if the 32-bit limitations are to be corrected.
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</p><p>Many transportation systems from flight to automobiles use embedded systems extensively. In automotive systems, this may include <a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">anti-lock braking system</a> (ABS), <a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">electronic stability control</a> (ESC/ESP), <a href="/wiki/Traction_control_system" title="Traction control system">traction control</a> (TCS) and automatic <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drive</a>; aircraft may use <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial guidance systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device" title="Satellite navigation device">GPS receivers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a></sup> Another major use of embedded systems is in communications devices, including cell phones and Internet-enabled appliances (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access points</a>, <a href="/wiki/IP_camera" title="IP camera">IP cameras</a>) which rely on storing an accurate time and date and are increasingly based on Unix-like operating systems. For example, the Y2038 problem makes some devices running 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> crash and not restart when the time is changed to that date.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></sup>
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</p><p>However, this does not imply that all embedded systems will suffer from the Y2038 problem, since many such systems do not require access to dates. For those that do, those systems which only track the difference between times/dates and not absolute times/dates will, by the nature of the calculation, not experience a major problem. This is the case for automotive diagnostics based on legislated standards such as CARB (<a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_problems">Early problems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_2038_problem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>In May 2006, reports surfaced of an early manifestation of the Y2038 problem in the <a href="/wiki/AOLserver" title="AOLserver">AOLserver</a> software. The software was designed with a <a href="/wiki/Kludge" title="Kludge">kludge</a> to handle a database request that should "never" time out. Rather than specifically handling this special case, the initial design simply specified an arbitrary <a href="/wiki/Timeout_(computing)" title="Timeout (computing)">time-out</a> date in the future. The default configuration for the server specified that the request should time out after one billion seconds. One billion seconds (just over 31 years, 251 days, 1 hour, 46 minutes and 40 seconds) after 01:27:28 UTC on 13 May 2006 is beyond the 2038 cutoff date. Thus, after this time, the time-out calculation overflowed and returned a date that was actually in the past, causing the software to crash. When the problem was discovered, AOLServer operators had to edit the configuration file and set the time-out to a lower value.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></sup>
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</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Solutions">Solutions <span class="anchor" id="Y2106"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_2038_problem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<p>There is no universal solution for the Year 2038 problem. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C language</a>, any change to the definition of the <code><a href="/wiki/Time_t" class="mw-redirect" title="Time t">time_t</a></code> data type would result in <a href="/wiki/Binary-code_compatibility" title="Binary-code compatibility">code-compatibility</a> problems in any application in which date and time representations are dependent on the nature of the signed 32-bit <code>time_t</code> integer. For example, changing <code>time_t</code> to an unsigned 32-bit integer, which would extend the range to 2106 (specifically, 06:28:15 UTC on Sunday, 7 February 2106), would adversely affect programs that store, retrieve, or manipulate dates prior to 1970, as such dates are represented by negative numbers. Increasing the size of the <code>time_t</code> type to 64 bits in an existing system would cause incompatible changes to the layout of structures and the binary interface of functions.
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</p><p>Most operating systems designed to run on 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Hardware_architecture" title="Hardware architecture">hardware</a> already use signed 64-bit <code>time_t</code> integers. Using a signed 64-bit value introduces a new wraparound date that is over twenty times greater than the estimated <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a>: approximately 292 billion years from now.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></sup> The ability to make <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computations</a> on dates is limited by the fact that <code>tm_year</code> uses a signed 32-bit integer value starting at 1900 for the year. This limits the year to a maximum of 2,147,485,547 (2,147,483,647 + 1900).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></sup>
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</p><p>Alternative proposals have been made (some of which are already in use), such as storing either <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">microseconds</a> since an epoch (typically either 1 January 1970 or 1 January 2000) in a signed 64-bit integer, providing a minimum range of 300,000 years at microsecond resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a></sup> In particular, Java's use of 64-bit long integers everywhere to represent time as "milliseconds since 1 January 1970" will work correctly for the next 292 million years. Other proposals for new time representations provide different precisions, ranges, and sizes (almost always wider than 32 bits), as well as solving other related problems, such as the handling of <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">leap seconds</a>. In particular, TAI64<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></sup> is an implementation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">International Atomic Time</a> (TAI) standard, the current international real-time standard for defining a second and frame of reference.
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</p>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Implemented_solutions">Implemented solutions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_2038_problem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Implemented solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<ul><li>Starting with <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> version 1.9.2 (released on 18 August 2010), the bug with year 2038 is fixed,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></sup> by storing time in a signed 64-bit integer on systems with 32-bit <code>time_t</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a></sup></li>
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<li>Starting with <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> version 6.0 (released in October 2012), the NetBSD operating system uses a 64-bit <code>time_t</code> for both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures. Applications that were compiled for an older NetBSD release with 32-bit <code>time_t</code> are supported via a binary compatibility layer, but such older applications will still suffer from the Y2038 problem.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> since version 5.5, released in May 2014, also uses a 64-bit <code>time_t</code> for both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, there is no binary compatibility layer. Therefore, applications expecting a 32-bit <code>time_t</code> and applications using anything different from <code>time_t</code> to store time values may break.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></sup></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> originally used a 64-bit <code>time_t</code> for 64-bit architectures only; the pure 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Application_binary_interface" title="Application binary interface">ABI</a> was not changed due to backward compatibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Pondering2038_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pondering2038-21">[19]</a></sup> Starting with version <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history#Releases_5.x.y" title="Linux kernel version history">5.6</a> of 2020, 64-bit <code>time_t</code> is supported on 32-bit architectures, too. This was done primarily for the sake of <a href="/wiki/Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">embedded Linux</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> uses 64-bit <code>time_t</code> for all 32-bit and 64-bit architectures except 32-bit i386, which uses signed 32-bit <code>time_t</code> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup></li>
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<li>The <a href="/wiki/X32_ABI" title="X32 ABI">x32 ABI</a> for Linux (which defines an environment for programs with 32-bit addresses but running the processor in 64-bit mode) uses a 64-bit <code>time_t</code>. Since it was a new environment, there was no need for special compatibility precautions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pondering2038_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pondering2038-21">[19]</a></sup></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">Network File System</a> version 4 has defined its time fields as <code>struct nfstime4 {int64_t seconds; uint32_t nseconds;}</code> since December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup> Values greater than zero for the seconds field denote dates after the 0-hour, January 1, 1970. Values less than zero for the seconds field denote dates before the 0-hour, January 1, 1970. In both cases, the nseconds (nanoseconds) field is to be added to the seconds field for the final time representation.</li>
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<li>The <a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a> filesystem, when used with inode sizes larger than 128 bytes, has an extra 32-bit field per timestamp, of which 30 bits are used for the nanoseconds part of the timestamp, and the other 2 bits are used to extend the timestamp range to the year 2446.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup></li>
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<li>The <a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a> filesystem, starting with Linux 5.10, has an optional "big timestamps" feature which extends the timestamp range to the year 2486.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup></li>
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<li>While the native APIs of <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> can support timestamps up to 31 July 31086,<sup id="cite_ref-Crazy_time,_Stanford,_1997_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crazy_time,_Stanford,_1997-27">[25]</a></sup> the C runtime library (CRTL) uses 32-bit integers for <code>time_t</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-vsi-c-rtl_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vsi-c-rtl-28">[26]</a></sup> As part of Y2K compliance work that was carried out in 1998, the CRTL was modified to use unsigned 32-bit integers to represent time; extending the range of <code>time_t</code> up to 7 February 2106.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a></sup></li>
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<li>As of <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> 8.0.28, the functions <code>FROM_UNIXTIME()</code>, <code>UNIX_TIMESTAMP()</code>, and <code>CONVERT_TZ()</code> handle 64-bit values on platforms that support them. This includes 64-bit versions of Linux, MacOS, and Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></sup> In relational database versions prior to August 2021, built-in functions like <code>UNIX_TIMESTAMP()</code> will return 0 after 03:14:07 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> on 19 January 2038.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></sup></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_2038_problem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs" title="Time formatting and storage bugs">Time formatting and storage bugs</a> lists other similar problems, often caused by rollover similar to the cause of this year 2038 problem.</li>
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<li>A <a href="/wiki/GPS_week_number_rollover" title="GPS week number rollover">GPS week number rollover</a> will coincidentally happen later in 2038, for a different reason than this year 2038 problem.</li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_2038_problem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise specified, all the numbers provided in this article have been derived using two's complement for signed integer arithmetic.</span>
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</li>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GPS suffers its own time counter overflow problem known as <a href="/wiki/GPS_Week_Number_Rollover" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS Week Number Rollover">GPS Week Number Rollover</a>.</span>
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</li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_2038_problem&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/17/is-the-year-2038-problem-the-new-y2k-bug">"Is the Year 2038 problem the new Y2K bug?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 17 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+the+Year+2038+problem+the+new+Y2K+bug%3F&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2014%2Fdec%2F17%2Fis-the-year-2038-problem-the-new-y2k-bug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBergmann2020" class="citation web cs1">Bergmann, Arnd (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linaro.org/blog/the-end-of-an-era/">"The end of an Era"</a>. Linaro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+end+of+an+Era&rft.pub=Linaro&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.aulast=Bergmann&rft.aufirst=Arnd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linaro.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-end-of-an-era%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWagenseil2017" class="citation news cs1">Wagenseil, Paul (28 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomsguide.com/us/2038-bug-bh2017,news-25551.html">"Digital 'Epochalypse' Could Bring World to Grinding Halt"</a>. <i>Tom's Guide</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tom%27s+Guide&rft.atitle=Digital+%27Epochalypse%27+Could+Bring+World+to+Grinding+Halt&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft.aulast=Wagenseil&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomsguide.com%2Fus%2F2038-bug-bh2017%2Cnews-25551.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CNMP-H-78-KY-M-Leviticus25:35-37-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNMP-H-78-KY-M-Leviticus25:35-37_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unixtutorial.org/epoch-time/">"Epoch Time"</a>. <i>unixtutoria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unixtutoria&rft.atitle=Epoch+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unixtutorial.org%2Fepoch-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-spinellis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spinellis_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDiomidis_Spinellis2006" class="citation book cs1">Diomidis Spinellis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEN-ckcdtCwC&q=292%2C277%2C026%2C596&pg=PA49"><i>Code quality: the open source perspective</i></a>. Effective software development series in <a href="/wiki/Safari_Books_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari Books Online">Safari Books Online</a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Press">Adobe Press</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-16607-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-16607-4"><bdi>978-0-321-16607-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+quality%3A+the+open+source+perspective&rft.series=Effective+software+development+series+in+Safari+Books+Online&rft.pages=49&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Adobe+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-321-16607-4&rft.au=Diomidis+Spinellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvEN-ckcdtCwC%26q%3D292%252C277%252C026%252C596%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/filesystems/ext4/dynamic.html#inode-timestamps">"ext4 Data Structures and Algorithms"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ext4+Data+Structures+and+Algorithms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Flatest%2Ffilesystems%2Fext4%2Fdynamic.html%23inode-timestamps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Larabel2020" class="citation web cs1">Michael Larabel (15 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/news/XFS-Linux-5.10">"XFS File-System With Linux 5.10 Punts Year 2038 Problem To The Year 2486"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Phoronix" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoronix">Phoronix</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix&rft.atitle=XFS+File-System+With+Linux+5.10+Punts+Year+2038+Problem+To+The+Year+2486&rft.date=2020-10-15&rft.au=Michael+Larabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fnews%2FXFS-Linux-5.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Crazy_time,_Stanford,_1997-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crazy_time,_Stanford,_1997_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slac.stanford.edu/~rkj/crazytime.txt">"Why is Wednesday, November 17, 1858 the base time for OpenVMS (VAX VMS)?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></i>. 24 July 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970724202734/https://www.slac.stanford.edu/~rkj/crazytime.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+University&rft.atitle=Why+is+Wednesday%2C+November+17%2C+1858+the+base+time+for+OpenVMS+%28VAX+VMS%29%3F&rft.date=1997-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slac.stanford.edu%2F~rkj%2Fcrazytime.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-vsi-c-rtl-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vsi-c-rtl_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vmssoftware.com/docs/VSI_CRTL_REF.pdf">"VSI C Run-Time Library Reference Manual for OpenVMS Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. VSI. November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VSI+C+Run-Time+Library+Reference+Manual+for+OpenVMS+Systems&rft.pub=VSI&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvmssoftware.com%2Fdocs%2FVSI_CRTL_REF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zx.net.nz/mirror/h71000.www7.hp.com/2038.html">"OpenVMS and the year 2038"</a>. HP<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenVMS+and+the+year+2038&rft.pub=HP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zx.net.nz%2Fmirror%2Fh71000.www7.hp.com%2F2038.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/mysql-nutshell.html#mysql-nutshell-additions">"What Is New in MySQL 8.0"</a>. <i>dev.mysql.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dev.mysql.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+New+in+MySQL+8.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.mysql.com%2Fdoc%2Frefman%2F8.0%2Fen%2Fmysql-nutshell.html%23mysql-nutshell-additions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=12654">"MySQL Bugs: #12654: 64-bit unix timestamp is not supported in MySQL functions"</a>. <i>bugs.mysql.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bugs.mysql.com&rft.atitle=MySQL+Bugs%3A+%2312654%3A+64-bit+unix+timestamp+is+not+supported+in+MySQL+functions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbugs.mysql.com%2Fbug.php%3Fid%3D12654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Year_2038_problem&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceware.org/glibc/wiki/Y2038ProofnessDesign">Y2038 Proofness Design</a> <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Library">glibc</a> Wiki</li>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computer.howstuffworks.com/question75.htm">Entry in How Stuff Works</a></li>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maul.deepsky.com/%7Emerovech/2038.html">The Project 2038 Frequently Asked Questions</a></li>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.cs.nctu.edu.tw/~tsaiwn/sisc/runtime_error_200_div_by_0/www.merlyn.demon.co.uk/critdate.htm#Y2038"><i>Critical and Significant Dates</i> 2038</a></li>
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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/evalEmpire/y2038/wiki">A 2038-safe replacement for time.h on 32 bit systems</a></li>
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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.com/article/19/1/year2038-problem-linux-kernel">"Solving the Year 2038 problem in the Linux kernel"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solving+the+Year+2038+problem+in+the+Linux+kernel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.com%2Farticle%2F19%2F1%2Fyear2038-problem-linux-kernel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></li>
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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBaraniuk2015" class="citation news cs1">Baraniuk, Chris (5 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150505-the-numbers-that-lead-to-disaster">"The number glitch that can lead to catastrophe"</a>. <i>BBC Future</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Future&rft.atitle=The+number+glitch+that+can+lead+to+catastrophe&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.aulast=Baraniuk&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20150505-the-numbers-that-lead-to-disaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></li>
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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFClewett" class="citation web cs1">Clewett, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522031114/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/unix_time.html">"2,147,483,647 – The End of Time [Unix]"</a>. <i>Numberphile</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numberphile.com/videos/unix_time.html">the original</a> on 22 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Numberphile&rft.atitle=2%2C147%2C483%2C647+%E2%80%93+The+End+of+Time+%5BUnix%5D&rft.aulast=Clewett&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numberphile.com%2Fvideos%2Funix_time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYear+2038+problem" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-pa
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_1900_problem" title="Year 1900 problem">Year 1900 problem</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Year 2000 problem</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Year_2011_problem" title="Year 2011 problem">Year 2011 problem</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs#Year_2042" title="Time formatting and storage bugs">Year 2042 problem</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs#Year_2100" title="Time formatting and storage bugs">Year 2100 problem</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Year_10,000_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Year 10,000 problem">Year 10,000 problem</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year_problem" title="Leap year problem">Leap year problem</a></li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Binary storage related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol#Timestamps" title="Network Time Protocol">2036 NTP wraparound</a></li>
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<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Year 2038 problem</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs#Year_2108" title="Time formatting and storage bugs">Year 2108 problem</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Time_formatting_and_storage_bugs#Years_32,768_and_65,536" title="Time formatting and storage bugs">Years 32,768 and 65,536 problems</a></li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hexadecimal storage related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem#Year_2010_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Year 2010 problem</a></li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_computing_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Time computing problems">Time computing problems</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Time_code_ambiguity" title="Time code ambiguity">Time code ambiguity</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(computing)" title="Epoch (computing)">Epoch</a></li></ul>
|
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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a>
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|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul>
|
||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul>
|
||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul>
|
||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul>
|
||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul>
|
||
|
|
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul>
|
||
|
|
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
|
|
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a>
|
||
|
|
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li>
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<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li>
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