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1153 lines
58 KiB
1153 lines
58 KiB
7 months ago
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" />
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<meta charset="utf-8" />
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<title>History of UNIX Manpages</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/history.css" />
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<script src="css/imageMapResizer.min.js"></script>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>
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History of UNIX Manpages
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</h1>
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<div class="subhead">
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An appendix of <a href="index.html">Practical UNIX Manpages</a>
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</div>
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<p class="first">
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Where do UNIX manpages come from? Who introduced the section-based layout of <b>NAME</b>, <b>SYNOPSIS</b>, and so on?
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And for manpage authors: where were those economical two- and three-letter instructions developed?
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</p>
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<p>
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The many accounts available on the Internet lack citations and are at times inconsistent.
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In this article, I reconstruct the history of the UNIX manpage based on source code, manuals, and first-hand accounts.
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</p>
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<p>
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Special thanks to <a href="http://www.piercefuller.com/">Paul Pierce</a> for his
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<abbr title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</abbr>
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<a href="http://www.piercefuller.com/library/ctss.html">source archive</a>; Bernard Nivelet for the
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<a href="http://web.mit.edu/multics-history/source/Multics_Internet_Server/Multics_sources.html">Multics Internet
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Server</a>; the <a href="http://www.tuhs.org">UNIX Heritage Society</a> for their research UNIX <a
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href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl">source reconstruction</a>; <a href="#ritter">Gunnar Ritter</a> for the <a
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href="http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/index.html">Heirloom Project sources</a>; <a
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href="http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/BellLabs">Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs</a> for the <a
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href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/plan9/sys/src/">Plan 9 sources</a>; <a
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href="http://www.bitsavers.org/">BitSavers</a> for their historical archive; and last but not least, Rudd Canaday, James
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Clark, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, Nils-Peter Nelson, Jerome Saltzer, Henry Spencer, Ken Thompson, and Tom Van
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Vleck for their valuable <a href="history/">contributions</a>.
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</p>
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<p>
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Please see the <a href="#copyright">Copyright</a> section if you plan on reproducing parts of this work.
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</p>
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<h2>
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Timeline
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</h2>
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<figure>
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<figcaption>
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The development of UNIX manpages can be divided into the <a class="prehistory"
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href="#prehistory">Prehistory</a>, before UNIX; the
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<a href="#classical" class="classical">Classical Age</a>, during the development of UNIX; and the
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<a href="#renaissance" class="renaissance">Renaissance</a>, where traditional UNIX utilities were re-written.
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In this chart, I show all known formatters of manpages (and their logical precursors before <q>manpages</q>
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existed as such).
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</figcaption>
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<div id="manpagesbox">
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<img src="history.png" alt="Timeline of UNIX manpage utilities" usemap="#manpages" />
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</div>
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<div id="manpageslongbox">
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<img src="history-long.png" alt="Timeline of UNIX manpage utilities" usemap="#long-manpages" />
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</div>
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</figure>
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<h3 id="prehistory">
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Prehistory
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</h3>
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<dl>
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<dt id="x1964_RUNOFF">
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1964: <span class="cmd">RUNOFF</span> (<a href="#saltzer">Jerome H. Saltzer</a>)
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</dt>
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<dd>
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<p>
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<a href="#saltzer">Saltzer</a> wrote the <span class="cmd">RUNOFF</span> utility for <abbr
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title="Massachusettes Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>'s
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<abbr title="International Business Machines">IBM</abbr>
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7094 <abbr title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</abbr> operating system in
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the <abbr title="Michigan Algorithm Decoder">MAD</abbr> computer language.
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Its legacy is considerable:
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not only do contemporary manpages inherit from <span class="cmd">RUNOFF</span>, many of them, in fact,
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use instructions identical to those specified in the original <span class="cmd">RUNOFF</span> manual.
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</p>
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<blockquote cite="http://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/ctss/AH.9.01.pdf">
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<p>
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Input generally consists of English text, 36O or fewer characters to a line. Control words must
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begin a new line, and they begin with a period so that they may be distinguished from other
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text. <span class="cmd">RUNOFF</span> does not print the control words.
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>
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Of the many abbreviated <span class="cmd">RUNOFF</span> control words, macros such as <code>sp</code>
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and <code>br</code> are still common-place. According to <a href="#saltzer">Saltzer</a> and the source
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literature, the syntax of <span class="cmd">RUNOFF</span> inherits loosely from the prior <span
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class="cmd">DITTO</span>, <span class="cmd">MEMO</span>, and <span class="cmd">MODIFY</span> utilities
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by M. J. Leslie Lowry, Fernando J. Corbató, and J. Richard Steinberg, 1963. The original purpose
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of <span class="cmd">RUNOFF</span> was to format <a href="#saltzer">Saltzer</a>'s doctoral thesis
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proposal.
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</p>
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<div class="sources">
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<p>
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Sources:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<a class="ref-link" href="http://www.piercefuller.com/library/ctss.html">CTSS source
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listings</a>, hosted by <a href="http://www.piercefuller.com/">Paul Pierce</a>.
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</li>
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<li>
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RUNOFF source: <a href="history/RUNOFF_mad_archive.txt">MAD</a>, <a
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href="history/RUNOFF_fap_archive.txt">FAP</a> supporting routines, and the <a
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href="history/RUNOFF_fap_support.txt">interface</a> for the supporting routines.
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Provided by Mr. Saltzer.
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</li>
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<li>
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Jerome H. Saltzer, <i><a
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href="http://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/ctss/AH.9.01.pdf">Manuscript Typing
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and Editing</a></i>, section AH.9.01 of <i>The Compatible Time-Sharing System, A
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Programmers Guide</i>, Patricia Crisman, editor (second edition). M.I.T. Press, 1965
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(revised December 1966). (<a
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href="http://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/ctss/AH.9.01.html">HTML</a>)
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</li>
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<li>
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Jerome H. Saltzer, <i><a
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href="http://mit.edu/saltzer/www/publications/CC-244.pdf">TYPSET and RUNOFF,
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memorandum editor and type-out commands</a></i>, <i>M.I.T. Computation Center
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Memorandum</i>, CC-244. 6 November, 1964.
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(<a href="http://mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/CC-244.html">HTML</a>)
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</li>
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<li>
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M. J. Leslie Lowry, Fernando J. Corbató, and J. Richard Steinberg,
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<i><a href="history/CC-205.pdf">Memo, Modify, and Ditto Commands in the Compatible
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Time Sharing System</a></i>, <i>M.I.T. Computation Center Memorandum</i>, CC-205. 11
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March, 1963. Provided by Mr Saltzer.
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</li>
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<li>
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Jerome Saltzer, <i><a href="history/saltzer_22_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history: CTSS
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RUNOFF</a></i>. 22 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
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</li>
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<li>
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Jerome Saltzer, <i><a href="history/saltzer_06_11_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history: CTSS
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RUNOFF</a></i>. 06 November, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</dd>
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<dt id="x1966_RUNOFF">
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1966: <span class="cmd">RUNOFF</span> (<a href="#canaday">Rudd Canaday</a>) (<b>UNCERTAIN</b>)
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</dt>
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<dd>
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<p>
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While working at AT&T Bell Labs' Whippany centre, <a href="#canaday">Canaday</a> led a porting
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effort of the <abbr title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</abbr> at
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<abbr title="Massachusettes Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> to the GE-635 (in 635 assembly). The <a class="cmd"
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href="#x1964_RUNOFF">RUNOFF</a> utility is suspected to be part of this port. The ported <abbr
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title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</abbr> was originally intended as a prototype (to be
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replaced by Nike hardware), but ended up being used for five more years. No sources could be located
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for this CTSS port.
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</p>
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<div class="sources">
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<p>
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Sources:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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Rudd Canaday, <i><a href="history/canaday_27_10_2011.txt">the Old Days</a></i>. 27
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October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons and Tom Van Vleck.
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</li>
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<li>
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Rudd Canaday, <i><a href="history/canaday_24_10_2011.txt">the Old Days</a></i>. 24
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October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons and Tom Van Vleck.
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</dd>
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<dt id="x1967_roff">
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1967: <span class="cmd">roff</span> (<a href="#morris">Robert Morris</a>) (<b>UNCERTAIN</b>)
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</dt>
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<dd>
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<p>
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Little is known about this speculated port of <a href="#x1964_RUNOFF" class="cmd">RUNOFF</a>, only that
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it was called <span class="cmd">roff</span> and probably ran on Bell Labs'
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<abbr title="General Comprehensive Operating System">GCOS</abbr>-II GE-635. <a href="#ritchie">Ritchie</a> is commonly cited
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as participating in this port, and this is not disputed. <a href="#canaday">Canaday</a> is also
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mentioned as an author, though this is not the case by his own account. Both <a
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href="#mcilroy">McIlroy</a> and <a href="#saltzer">Saltzer</a> speculate that this version, if written,
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was likely in <abbr title="Basic Combined Programming Language">BCPL</abbr>, much like <a class="cmd"
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href="#x1969">runoff</a>.
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</p>
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<div class="sources">
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<p>
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Sources:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_21_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
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runoff</a></i>. 21 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
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</li>
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<li>
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Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_22_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
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runoff</a></i>. 22 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
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</li>
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<li>
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Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_23_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
|
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runoff</a></i>. 23 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
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</li>
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<li>
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Jerome Saltzer, <i><a href="history/saltzer_22_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history: CTSS
|
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RUNOFF</a></i>. 22 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
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</li>
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<li>
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Jerome Saltzer, <i><a href="history/saltzer_23_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history: CTSS
|
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RUNOFF</a></i>. 23 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
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</li>
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<li>
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Rudd Canaday, <i><a href="history/canaday_27_10_2011.txt">the Old Days</a></i>. 27
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October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons and Tom Van Vleck.
|
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</dd>
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<dt id="x1967_SCRIPT">
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1967: <span class="cmd">SCRIPT</span> (<a href="#madnick">Stuart Madnick</a>)
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</dt>
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<dd>
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<p>
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In 1967, <a href="#madnick">Madnick</a> ported the <a class="cmd" href="#x1964_RUNOFF">RUNOFF</a> code
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to the <abbr title="International Business Machines">IBM</abbr> CP67/CMS at IBM as <span
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class="cmd">SCRIPT</span>. The documentation of <span class="cmd">SCRIPT</span> explicitly mentions the
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backspace-encoding convention used to this day by manpage formatters on UNIX terminals (of course, this
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was common practise in mechanical type-writers before then):
|
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</p>
|
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<blockquote cite="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/cp67/">
|
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<p>
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Thus the backspace key allows underscoring and overprinting at the terminal for <span
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class="cmd">SCRIPT</span> files. The logical backspace character prints only when entered and
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does not take up a column in the record; it logically backspaces one column...
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</p>
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</blockquote>
|
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<p>
|
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Source code for the original re-write of <a class="cmd" href="#x1964_RUNOFF">RUNOFF</a> could not be
|
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located, although a considerable amount of documentation exists for this utility. The dates of <a
|
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href="#madnick">Madnick</a>'s porting derive from his publication and independent accounts.
|
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</p>
|
||
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<div class="sources">
|
||
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<p>
|
||
|
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Sources:
|
||
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</p>
|
||
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<ul>
|
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<li>
|
||
|
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Stuart E. Madnick and Allen Moulton, <i><a
|
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href="http://web.mit.edu/smadnick/www/papers/J002.pdf">SCRIPT, an On-line Manuscript
|
||
|
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Processing System</a></i>, <i>IEEE Transactions on Engineering Writing and Speech</i>,
|
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|
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Vol. EWS-11, No. 2. August, 1968.
|
||
|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li>
|
||
|
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<i><a href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/cp67/">Control Program-67/Cambridge
|
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|
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Monitor System (CP67/CMS) User's Guide</a></i>, Version 3, Program Number
|
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|
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3600-05.2.005. October, 1970.
|
||
|
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</li>
|
||
|
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<li>
|
||
|
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Jerome Saltzer, <i><a href="history/saltzer_22_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history: CTSS
|
||
|
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RUNOFF</a></i>. 22 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
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</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
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</dd>
|
||
|
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<dt id="x1969">
|
||
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1969: <span class="cmd">runoff</span> (<a href="#mcilroy">Douglas McIlroy</a>)
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
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<dd>
|
||
|
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<p>
|
||
|
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In 1969, <a href="#mcilroy">McIlroy</a> released an influential
|
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|
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<abbr title="Basic Combined Programming Language">BCPL</abbr> port of <a class="cmd" href="#x1964_RUNOFF">RUNOFF</a> <q>to extend the runoff
|
||
|
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model</q> to the <abbr title="General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor">GECOS</abbr> GE-645
|
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|
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computer at AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill. He did not refer to the CTSS <a class="cmd"
|
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href="#x1964_RUNOFF">RUNOFF</a> source code in writing <span class="cmd">runoff</span>, nor any other
|
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speculated derivatives of <a href="#saltzer">Saltzer</a>'s utility. The progress of this utility
|
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|
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subsequent 1969 is recorded in the Multics <abbr title="Basic Combined Programming Language">BCPL</abbr>
|
||
|
|
source as ported by R. F. Mabee:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<blockquote cite="http://web.mit.edu/multics-history/source/Multics/ldd/system_library_standard/source/bound_runoff_.s.archive">
|
||
|
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<p>
|
||
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The first <span class="cmd">ROFF</span> for Multics was written in March, 1969, by Doug <a
|
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href="#mcilroy">McIlroy</a> of Bell Labs. Art Evans made extensive modifications to it in May
|
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|
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and June, 1969, adding many comments and making various changes. Footnoting added by Dennis
|
||
|
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Capps in 1970. Maintained by Harwell Thrasher in 1971. Many new features added and bugs fixed
|
||
|
|
by R Mabee in 1971-1972. <span class="cmd">RUNOFF</span> and BCPL were brought over to the 6180
|
||
|
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Multics (from 645) in May of 1973 by R F Mabee.
|
||
|
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</p>
|
||
|
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</blockquote>
|
||
|
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<p>
|
||
|
|
<a href="#mcilroy">McIlroy</a>'s port is at times referred to as <span class="cmd">runoff</span>, at
|
||
|
|
times as <span class="cmd">roff</span>. The reason for renaming is not entirely clear: <q>I see that I
|
||
|
|
called it <span class="cmd">runoff</span> in 1969. By 1971 it was <span class="cmd">roff</span>. Now
|
||
|
|
I'm not so sure I got the name from <a href="#morris">Morris</a>. Conceivably it came from <a
|
||
|
|
href="#thompson">Thompson</a>, who was big on shortening names. My 1971 description came in January;
|
||
|
|
the first ediion [sic] Unix manual is dated December 1971.</q>
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a class="ref-link"
|
||
|
|
href="http://web.mit.edu/multics-history/source/Multics/ldd/system_library_standard/source/bound_runoff_.s.archive">
|
||
|
|
Runoff source listings</a>, hosted by the <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://web.mit.edu/multics-history/source/Multics_Internet_Server/Multics.html">Multics
|
||
|
|
Internet Server</a>. A copy of the <a href="history/runoff.s.gz"><span
|
||
|
|
class="cmd">runoff</span> source file</a> is available locally under the file's license
|
||
|
|
terms.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/roff71.low.pdf">Roff</a></i>, AT&T Bell Labs
|
||
|
|
Technical Memorandum. 12 January, 1971. Available with permission of the author. (<a
|
||
|
|
href="history/roff71.high.pdf.gz">High-quality</a> version.)
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/runoff69.low.pdf">Runoff</a></i>, AT&T Bell
|
||
|
|
Labs Technical Memorandum. 17 September, 1969. Available with permission of the
|
||
|
|
author. (<a href="history/runoff69.high.pdf.gz">High-quality</a> version.)
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_21_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
|
||
|
|
runoff</a></i>. 21 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_22_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
|
||
|
|
runoff</a></i>. 22 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_28_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
|
||
|
|
runoff</a></i>. 28 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Jerome Saltzer, <i><a href="history/saltzer_22_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history: CTSS
|
||
|
|
RUNOFF</a></i>. 22 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x1974_compose">
|
||
|
|
1974: <span class="cmd">compose</span> (<a href="#capps">Dennis Capps</a>)
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
The <span class="cmd">compose</span> utility, né <span class="cmd">runoff</span>, was a port of
|
||
|
|
<a href="#x1964_RUNOFF" class="cmd">RUNOFF</a> to PL/1 by <a href="#capps">Capps</a> for the Multics
|
||
|
|
Honeywell 6180. It was later tuned and improved by Ed Wallman. Tom Van Vleck, Wallman's manager in
|
||
|
|
mid-1978, recounts the porting effort <q>to produce photo-typeset manuals and eliminate dependence on
|
||
|
|
<abbr title="Basic Combined Programming Language">BCPL</abbr></q>. (Note: the primary source
|
||
|
|
erroneously refers to <a href="#ossanna">Ossanna</a> as writing the
|
||
|
|
<abbr title="Basic Combined Programming Language">BCPL</abbr> <span class="cmd">runoff</span>; it was in fact <a
|
||
|
|
href="#mcilroy">McIlroy</a>.)
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
MTB-346, 1977-10-11, New runoff Revisited, Ed Wallman. (Not available.)
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
MTB-337, 1977-05-09, New runoff Implementation, Ed Wallman. (Not available.)
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
MTB-165, 1975-03-03, New Runoff, Dennis Capps. (Not available.)
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Tom Van Vleck, <i><a href="history/vleck_22_10_2011.txt">Origin date of Wallman's
|
||
|
|
COMPOSE</a></i>. 22 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a class="ref-link"
|
||
|
|
href="http://web.mit.edu/multics-history/source/Multics/ldd/system_library_unbundled/source/bound_compose_.s.archive">
|
||
|
|
Compose source listings</a>, hosted by the <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://web.mit.edu/multics-history/source/Multics_Internet_Server/Multics.html">Multics
|
||
|
|
Internet Server</a>. A copy of the <a href="history/compose.s.gz"><span
|
||
|
|
class="cmd">compose</span> source file</a> is available locally under the file's license
|
||
|
|
terms.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="classical">
|
||
|
|
Classical Age
|
||
|
|
</h3>
|
||
|
|
<dl>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x1969_roff">
|
||
|
|
1969: <span class="cmd">roff</span> (<a href="#kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a>)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
After being exposed to <a class="cmd" href="#x1964_RUNOFF">RUNOFF</a> while at <abbr
|
||
|
|
title="Massachusettes Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> in summer 1966, <a
|
||
|
|
href="#kernighan">Kernighan</a> wrote a port in Fortran (for an IBM System/360) while working on his
|
||
|
|
doctoral thesis at Princeton (to format the thesis). By his account, the system was used for five more
|
||
|
|
years by the student agency. The punch-card source has long since been lost.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Brian Kernighan, <i><a href="history/kernighan_23_10_2011.txt">Reconstructing UNIX
|
||
|
|
manpage history: ditroff(1)</a></i>. 23 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Brian Kernighan, <i><a href="history/kernighan_26_10_2011.txt">Reconstructing UNIX
|
||
|
|
manpage history: ditroff(1)</a></i>. 26 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Brian Kernighan, <i><a href="history/roff69.low.pdf">Manuscript Printing under OS/360:
|
||
|
|
ROFF</a></i>. Available with permission of the author. (<a
|
||
|
|
href="history/roff69.high.pdf.gz">High-quality</a> version.)
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x1970_rf">
|
||
|
|
1970: <span class="cmd">rf</span> (<a href="#thompson">Ken Thompson</a>)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
<a href="#thompson">Thompson</a> wrote a PDP-7 port of either the <abbr title="Basic Combined
|
||
|
|
Programming Language">BCPL</abbr> <a class="cmd" href="#x1969">runoff</a> or directly from the <abbr
|
||
|
|
title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</abbr> <a class="cmd" href="#x1964_RUNOFF">RUNOFF</a>. This
|
||
|
|
fork was an evolutionary dead-end, replaced by the PDP-11 <a class="cmd" href="#x1971">roff(1)</a> which
|
||
|
|
was written at around the same time. The source code for this port has long since been lost.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Ken Thompson, <i><a href="history/thompson_23_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpages & questions
|
||
|
|
regarding roff(1) history</a></i>. 23 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x1971">
|
||
|
|
1971: <span class="cmd">roff(1)</span> (<a href="#ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Most of the programming team for Multics continued working with UNIX at AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill,
|
||
|
|
so it's no surprise that Multics <span class="cmd">runoff</span> was incorporated as UNIX <span
|
||
|
|
class="cmd">roff(1)</span> in Version 1 AT&T UNIX, 1971. This was a PDP-11 assembly-language port
|
||
|
|
of the <abbr title="Basic Combined Programming Language">BCPL</abbr> <a class="cmd"
|
||
|
|
href="#x1969">runoff</a>.
|
||
|
|
According to <a href="#mcilroy">McIlroy</a>, <a href="#ossanna">Ossanna</a> convinced the AT&T
|
||
|
|
patent department to use UNIX and <span class="cmd">roff(1)</span> for formatting patent applications,
|
||
|
|
and according to <a href="#thompson">Thompson</a>, that usage was the justification for the PDP-11
|
||
|
|
purchase.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
There are many differing accounts of who wrote this version, but most settle on <a
|
||
|
|
href="#ossanna">Ossanna</a>, <a href="#ritchie">Ritchie</a>, and <a href="#thompson">Thompson</a>.
|
||
|
|
However, the first-hand accounts of <a href="#mcilroy">McIlroy</a>, <a href="#kernighan">Kernighan</a>,
|
||
|
|
and Thompson settle on Ritchie as the primary author. This is corroborated by Ritchie's expertise in
|
||
|
|
<abbr title="Basic Combined Programming Language">BCPL</abbr>, as <span class="cmd">roff(1)</span> was
|
||
|
|
based upon McIlroy's <abbr title="Basic Combined Programming Language">BCPL</abbr> <a
|
||
|
|
href="#x1969" class="cmd">runoff</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Unfortunately, the first <span class="cmd">roff(1)</span> version is lost. Some sources from Version 1
|
||
|
|
AT&T UNIX have been reconstructed from old tapes, but <span class="cmd">roff(1)</span> was not among
|
||
|
|
them. All that remains from this time are manual entries and first-hand accounts. However, the
|
||
|
|
PDP-11 source for Version 5 AT&T UNIX still exists, and by first-hand accounts, is a modified
|
||
|
|
form of the original.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Version 1 AT&T UNIX <span class="cmd">roff(1)</span> is also notable, regarding manpages, for its
|
||
|
|
release of the First Edition UNIX Programmer's Manual, which defines the manpage structure and layout
|
||
|
|
enjoyed in the present day. <a href="#thompson">Thompson</a> conceived of this convention, inspired by
|
||
|
|
the Multics MSPM, itself inspired by the CTSS manuals.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
The source code of Version 1 and 2 AT&T UNIX manual pages may not have survived;
|
||
|
|
only typeset versions are known.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Joseph F. Ossanna, Dennis Ritchie, and Ken Thompson, <i><a
|
||
|
|
href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1/man/man1/roff.1">roff</a></i>,
|
||
|
|
<i>UNIX Programmer's Manual</i>, First Edition, Section 1. November, 1971.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a
|
||
|
|
href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V5/usr/source/s7">Version 5 AT&T
|
||
|
|
source listings</a>, hosted by the <a href="http://www.tuhs.org">UNIX Heritage
|
||
|
|
Society</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Ken Thompson and Dennis M. Ritchie, <i><a
|
||
|
|
href="http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/who/dmr/1stEdman.html">UNIX Programmer's
|
||
|
|
Manual</a></i>, First Edition. November 3, 1971.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Table of contents and partial listing of the <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://www.multicians.org/mspmtoc.html">Multics System Programmer's Manual</a>,
|
||
|
|
hosted by <a href="http://www.multicians.org/">Multicians.org</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_21_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
|
||
|
|
runoff</a></i>. 21 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_22_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
|
||
|
|
runoff</a></i>. 22 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Jerome Saltzer, <i><a href="history/saltzer_22_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history: CTSS
|
||
|
|
RUNOFF</a></i>. 22 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Brian Kernighan, <i><a href="history/kernighan_23_10_2011.txt">Reconstructing UNIX
|
||
|
|
manpage history: ditroff(1)</a></i>. 23 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Ken Thompson, <i><a href="history/thompson_23_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpages & questions
|
||
|
|
regarding roff(1) history</a></i>. 23 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_03_12_2018.txt">Design and Implementation
|
||
|
|
of *roff</a></i>. 3 December, 2018. Email to the groff mailing list.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a class="external" href="https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl">The Unix Tree</a> at
|
||
|
|
<a class="external" href="https://www.tuhs.org/">The Unix Heritage Society</a>,
|
||
|
|
<a class="external" href="https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1">first edition</a>,
|
||
|
|
<a class="external" href="https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V2">second edition</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x1972">
|
||
|
|
1972: <span class="cmd">nroff(1)</span> (<a href="#ossanna">Joseph F. Ossanna</a>)
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
<a href="#ossanna">Ossanna</a> took over the PDP-11 <a class="cmd" href="#x1971">roff(1)</a> and built
|
||
|
|
<span class="cmd">nroff(1)</span>, which focussed on outputting text onto terminals, for Version 2
|
||
|
|
AT&T UNIX. The exact motivations for this are unknown, but are vaguely agreed as evolving the
|
||
|
|
utility and language to support more advanced formatting.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Unfortunately, a source record of the original effort is entirely lost; however, later versions of the
|
||
|
|
PDP-11 source (for Version 6 AT&T UNIX) and manual page (Version 3 AT&T UNIX) are available.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
<a href="#thompson">Thompson</a> mentions that <span class="cmd">nroff(1)</span> introduced the notion
|
||
|
|
of programmable macros. This is corroborated by the Version 6 AT&T UNIX source for <span
|
||
|
|
class="cmd">nroff(1)</span>, where files under the prefix <span class="file">/usr/lib/tmac.</span> are
|
||
|
|
parsed for macros (see <span class="file">nroff.8</span> in the Version 6 AT&T archive). This same
|
||
|
|
behaviour is not reproduced in the <a class="cmd" href="#x1971">roff(1)</a> sources from the same time,
|
||
|
|
so it makes sense that this is the first appearance of macros.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
On the other hand, the manual pages for Version 3 AT&T UNIX (Feb. 1973)
|
||
|
|
were still written in raw roff without using any macro set.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Joseph F. Ossanna, Dennis Ritchie, and Ken Thompson, <i><a
|
||
|
|
href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1/man/man1/roff.1">roff</a></i>,
|
||
|
|
<i>UNIX Programmer's Manual</i>, First Edition, Section 1. November, 1971.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_21_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
|
||
|
|
runoff</a></i>. 21 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Ken Thompson, <i><a href="history/thompson_23_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpages & questions
|
||
|
|
regarding roff(1) history.</a></i>. 23 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<i><a
|
||
|
|
href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V3/man/man1/nroff.1">nroff</a></i>,
|
||
|
|
<i>UNIX Programmer's Manual</i>, Third Edition, Section 1. 15 January, 1973.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a
|
||
|
|
href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V6/usr/source/s7">Version 6 AT&T
|
||
|
|
source listings</a>, hosted by the <a href="http://www.tuhs.org">UNIX Heritage
|
||
|
|
Society</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Source code of the
|
||
|
|
<a class="external" href="https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V3/man">Version 3
|
||
|
|
manual pages</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x1973">
|
||
|
|
1973: <span class="cmd">troff(1)</span> (<a href="#ossanna">Joseph F. Ossanna</a>)
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
<a href="#ossanna">Ossanna</a> started writing <span class="cmd">troff(1)</span> from his PDP-11 <a
|
||
|
|
class="cmd" href="#x1972">nroff(1)</a> sources for Version 4 AT&T UNIX. It's widely asserted that
|
||
|
|
the driving motivation was to create output for the <abbr title="Computer Assisted
|
||
|
|
Typesetter">CAT</abbr> phototypesetter.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Original sources for this version of AT&T UNIX are also lost; however, the manual still exists, and
|
||
|
|
records of the PDP-11 source exist in raw tape data for Version 6 AT&T UNIX (which apparently
|
||
|
|
couldn't be reconstructed).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
From Version 4 AT&T UNIX (Nov. 1973) to Version 6 AT&T UNIX (May 1975),
|
||
|
|
a simple macro set was used for writing manual pages,
|
||
|
|
but the macros were completely incompatible with macro sets used today.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Brian Kernighan, <i><a href="history/kernighan_23_10_2011.txt">Reconstructing UNIX
|
||
|
|
manpage history: ditroff(1)</a></i>. 23 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<i><a
|
||
|
|
href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V4/man/man1/troff.1">troff</a></i>,
|
||
|
|
<i>UNIX Programmer's Manual</i>, Fourth Edition, Section 1. 6 November, 1973.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Ken Wellsch's <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/Archive/PDP-11/Distributions/research/Ken_Wellsch_v6/">Version
|
||
|
|
6 AT&T UNIX tape archive</a>, hosted by the <a href="http://www.tuhs.org">UNIX
|
||
|
|
Heritage Society</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a
|
||
|
|
href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V6/usr/source/s7">Version 6 AT&T
|
||
|
|
source listings</a>, hosted by the <a href="http://www.tuhs.org">UNIX Heritage
|
||
|
|
Society</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_21_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
|
||
|
|
runoff</a></i>. 21 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Manual page macros in
|
||
|
|
<a class="external" href="https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V4/man/man0/naa">Version 4</a>
|
||
|
|
and in
|
||
|
|
<a class="external" href="https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V6/usr/man/man0/naa">Version 6</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x1979">
|
||
|
|
1979: <span class="cmd">ditroff(1)</span> (<a href="#ossanna">Joseph F. Ossanna</a>, <a href="#kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a>)
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
In around 1975, <a href="#ossanna">Ossanna</a> re-wrote <a class="cmd" href="#x1973">troff(1)</a> in the
|
||
|
|
C-language. However, in 1977 this work was discontinued and sources were untouched for nearly two years
|
||
|
|
until resumed by <a href="#kernighan">Kernighan</a>:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<blockquote cite="history/kernighan_23_10_2011.txt">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
After Joe <a href="#ossanna">Ossanna</a> died in late 1977, <a class="cmd"
|
||
|
|
href="#x1973">troff</a> was static for probably close to two years, since no one had the time
|
||
|
|
and courage to touch it. It was entirely in C at that point, somewhat over 9000 lines as I
|
||
|
|
remember. I simply modified it, gradually getting around some of the limitations on fonts,
|
||
|
|
making use of dynamic memory, and generating "device-independent" output for devices whose
|
||
|
|
properties were specified in dynamically loaded files.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
The result is the first intact UNIX <span class="cmd">troff(1)</span> source. By Version 7 AT&T
|
||
|
|
UNIX, both <span class="cmd">nroff(1)</span> and <span class="cmd">troff(1)</span> are built from the
|
||
|
|
same C sources, separated by preprocessor conditionals, while <span class="cmd">roff(1)</span> was still
|
||
|
|
built in its PDP-11 assembly. The <span class="cmd">ditroff(1)</span> name origin is unknown. <a
|
||
|
|
href="#kernighan">Kernighan</a> writes, <q cite="history/kernighan_23_10_2011.txt">I'm pretty sure that
|
||
|
|
I only talked about a "device independent troff"; the name "ditroff" came from somewhere else, and I've
|
||
|
|
never been fond of it.</q>
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
<a href="#kernighan">Kernighan</a>'s device-independent <span class="cmd">troff(1)</span> was repackaged
|
||
|
|
in commercial AT&T (and derivative) UNIX systems for years to come. In circa 1978, the <abbr
|
||
|
|
title="Documenter's Workbench">DWB</abbr> featured <span class="cmd">troff(1)</span> as its mainstay;
|
||
|
|
later, the <abbr title="Writer's Workbench">WWB</abbr> bolted on many additional word-processing
|
||
|
|
utilities. These applications were repackaged in 1989 by <abbr title="Unix System
|
||
|
|
Laboratories">USL</abbr>, a subsidiary of AT&T Bell Laboratories. The DWB tools were then bought by
|
||
|
|
SoftQuad in circa 1978, which rebranded <span class="cmd">troff(1)</span> as <span
|
||
|
|
class="cmd">sqtroff(1)</span>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
When Douglas McIlroy edited volume 1 of the manual pages for Version 7 AT&T UNIX,
|
||
|
|
he revised the manual page macros substantially, first designing and implementing
|
||
|
|
most of the macros that are still used in the man(7) language today.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
B. W. Kernighan, M. E. Lesk, and J. F. Ossanna, <i><a
|
||
|
|
href="http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol57-1978/articles/bstj57-6-2115.pdf">UNIX
|
||
|
|
Time-sharing System: Document Preparation</a></i>, AT&T Bell System Technical
|
||
|
|
Journal, Vol. 57, No. 6. July 1978.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
L. E. McMahon, L. L. Cherry, and R. Morris, <i><a
|
||
|
|
href="http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol57-1978/articles/bstj57-6-2137.pdf">UNIX
|
||
|
|
Time-sharing System: Statistical Text Processing</a></i>, AT&T Bell System Technical
|
||
|
|
Journal, Vol. 57, No. 6. July, 1978.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
B. W. Kernighan, M. E. Lesk, and J. F. Ossanna, <i><a
|
||
|
|
href="http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol57-1978/articles/bstj57-6-2115.pdf">UNIX
|
||
|
|
Time-sharing System: Document Preparation</a></i>, AT&T Bell System Technical
|
||
|
|
Journal, Vol. 57, No. 6. July, 1978.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a
|
||
|
|
href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/src/cmd/troff">Version 7
|
||
|
|
AT&T source listings</a>, hosted by the <a href="http://www.tuhs.org">UNIX Heritage
|
||
|
|
Society</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Nils-Peter Nelson, <i><a href="history/nelson_24_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage
|
||
|
|
history</a></i>. 24 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Nils-Peter Nelson, <i><a href="history/nelson_30_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage
|
||
|
|
history</a></i>. 30 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Brian Kernighan, <i><a href="history/kernighan_23_10_2011.txt">Reconstructing UNIX
|
||
|
|
manpage history: ditroff(1)</a></i>. 23 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<i><a
|
||
|
|
href="http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/man/man1/troff.1">troff</a></i>,
|
||
|
|
<i>UNIX Programmer's Manual</i>, Seventh Edition, Section 1. 11 January, 1979.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Douglas McIlroy, <i><a href="history/mcilroy_26_10_2020.txt">Who is the author
|
||
|
|
of the man(7) macros?</a></i>. 26 October, 2020. Email to Ingo Schwarze.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x1992">
|
||
|
|
1991: <span class="cmd">troff(1)</span> (<a href="#kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a>)
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
The Plan 9 operating system, initially released in 1991 from AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill, is a
|
||
|
|
research system extending the UNIX model. It included <a class="cmd" href="#x1979">ditroff(1)</a>,
|
||
|
|
which was steadily improved by <a href="#kernighan">Kernighan</a> to include features such as <abbr
|
||
|
|
title="UCS Transformation Format">UTF</abbr> encoding. The <span class="cmd">troff(1)</span> for Plan 9
|
||
|
|
was not free software until the Third Edition in June, 2000, when sources were licensed under the Plan 9
|
||
|
|
license. It was again re-licenced in 2002 under the Lucent Public Licence 1.02.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Joseph F. Ossanna and Brian W. Kernighan, <i><a
|
||
|
|
href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sys/doc/troff.pdf">Troff User's Manual</a></i>, Second
|
||
|
|
Edition.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/sources/plan9/sys/src/cmd/troff/">Plan 9 from Bell Labs
|
||
|
|
source listings</a>, hosted by <a href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/">Plan 9 from
|
||
|
|
Bell Labs</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x2005_troff">
|
||
|
|
2005: <span class="cmd">troff(1)</span> (<a href="#ritter">Gunnar Ritter</a>)
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
In 2005, Sun Microsystems published an CDDL-licenced variant of their Solaris operating system called
|
||
|
|
OpenSolaris. This included a re-licenced descendant of <a href="#x1973" class="cmd">troff(1)</a> as
|
||
|
|
imported into AT&T UNIX System V UNIX in 1983. <a href="#ritter">Ritter</a> incorporated this
|
||
|
|
software into the Heirloom project in August, 2005.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://heirloom.cvs.sourceforge.net/heirloom/heirloom-doctools/">Heirloom
|
||
|
|
doc-tools source listings</a>, hosted by the <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/index.html">Heirloom Project</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
<h3 id="renaissance">
|
||
|
|
Renaissance
|
||
|
|
</h3>
|
||
|
|
<dl>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x1989_groff">
|
||
|
|
1989: <span class="cmd">groff(1)</span> (<a href="#clark">James Clark</a>)
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
The GNU <a class="cmd" href="#x1979">troff</a> is popularly considered to be the most wide-spread in
|
||
|
|
modern UNIX installations. It's bundled by default on most GNU/Linux operating systems. This port,
|
||
|
|
renamed <span class="cmd">groff</span>, was written by James Clark in 1989 specifically for the GNU
|
||
|
|
project. At this time, no open-source implementation existed.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
The <span class="cmd">groff</span> port was based purely from <a href="#x1979" class="cmd" >troff</a>
|
||
|
|
documentation as shipped with SunOS 4.1.4, and was written in C++ on Sun 4/110 (initial implementations
|
||
|
|
of the GNU C++ compiler were on Sun, making it an ideal starting point).
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<i><a href="http://groff.ffii.org">GNU troff</a></i>. Homepage.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
James Clark, <i><a href="history/clark_28_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
|
||
|
|
groff</a></i>. 28 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
GNU troff <a href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/groff/old/">historical releases</a>, provided
|
||
|
|
by the <a href="http://groff.ffii.org">GNU troff</a> project.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x1991_awf">
|
||
|
|
1991: <span class="cmd">awf(1)</span> (<a href="#spencer">Henry Spencer</a>)
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
In 1991, <a href="#spencer">Spencer</a> sent a terse mail to USENET comp.sources.unix indicating that
|
||
|
|
he'd written an interpreter in the AWK language for the <i>man</i> and <i>ms</i> macro packages
|
||
|
|
documented in Version 7 AT&T UNIX <a class="cmd" href="#x1972">nroff(1)</a> and <a class="cmd"
|
||
|
|
href="#x1979">ditroff(1)</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<blockquote cite="http://doc.cat-v.org/henry_spencer/awf/">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
This is awf, the Amazingly Workable Formatter – a "nroff -man" or (subset) "nroff -ms"
|
||
|
|
clone written entirely in (old) awk.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</blockquote>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
According to <a href="#spencer">Spencer</a>, <span class="cmd">awf</span> was necessary for the
|
||
|
|
portability of C News, a USENET news server written by Spencer and Geoff Collyer in 1987. The project
|
||
|
|
wished to distribute manpage sources, but since <a class="cmd" href="#x1979">ditroff(1)</a> sources were
|
||
|
|
still license-encumbered, needed to guarantee portability to un-licensed UNIX systems.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://doc.cat-v.org/henry_spencer/awf/">Usenet comp.sources.unix message</a>,
|
||
|
|
hosted by the <a href="http://doc.cat-v.org/">Cat-v Document Archive</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a href="ftp://ftp.isc.org/usenet/comp.sources.unix/volume23/">Usenet comp.sources.unix
|
||
|
|
volume 23 sources</a>, hosted by the <a href="ftp://ftp.isc.org/">ISC Usenet newsgroup
|
||
|
|
archives</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a href="ftp://ftp.cs.toronto.edu/pub/c-news/c-news.tar.Z">C News source listings</a>,
|
||
|
|
hosted by the University of Toronto <a href="http://web.cs.toronto.edu/">Computer
|
||
|
|
Science Department</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
Henry Spencer, <i><a href="history/spencer_22_10_2011.txt">UNIX manpage history:
|
||
|
|
awf</a></i>. 22 October, 2011. Email to Kristaps Dzonsons.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x1991_cawf">
|
||
|
|
1991: <span class="cmd">cawf(1)</span> (<a href="#abell">Vic Abell</a>)
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
<a href="#abell">Abell</a> ported <a class="cmd" href="#x1991_awf">awf(1)</a> to C in 1991 while at
|
||
|
|
Purdue. The motivation of this port was to <q cite="ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/cawf.zip">[produce]
|
||
|
|
a C language version that would run on small systems, particularly MS-DOS ones</q>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a href="ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/cawf.zip">Cawf source listing</a>, hosted by <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://www.itap.purdue.edu/">Information Technology at Purdue University</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="x2008_mandoc">
|
||
|
|
2008: <span class="cmd">mandoc(1)</span> (<a href="#dzonsons">Kristaps Dzonsons</a>, <a href="#schwarze">Ingo
|
||
|
|
Schwarze</a>)
|
||
|
|
</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Like <a class="cmd" href="#x1991_awf">awf</a>, <span class="cmd">mandoc(1)</span> primarily reads <a
|
||
|
|
class="cmd" href="#x1979">ditroff(1)</a> macro files (not general <a class="cmd"
|
||
|
|
href="#x1979">ditroff(1)</a> input), although it has some capability for generalised input. It is the
|
||
|
|
first fully semantic parser for manpages, exposing the annotated content of parsed documents. <a
|
||
|
|
class="cmd" href="#x1989_groff">groff(1)</a> manuals were the predominant basis for this port.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
<b>Disclaimer</b>: the author of this document originally wrote <span class="cmd">mandoc(1)</span>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<div class="sources">
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Sources:
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
<ul>
|
||
|
|
<li>
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://mdocml.bsd.lv/cgi-bin/cvsweb/?cvsroot=mdocml">CVS source archive</a>,
|
||
|
|
hosted by the <a href="http://bsd.lv/">BSD.lv Project</a>.
|
||
|
|
</li>
|
||
|
|
</ul>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
<div id="people">
|
||
|
|
<h2>
|
||
|
|
People
|
||
|
|
</h2>
|
||
|
|
<dl>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="abell">Abell, Vic</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Wrote <a class="cmd" href="#x1991_cawf">cawf</a> while at Purdue University. Homepage: <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://people.freebsd.org/~abe/">people.freebsd.org/~abe/</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="canaday">Canaday, Rudd</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
May have ported <a class="cmd" href="#x1964_RUNOFF">RUNOFF</a> to the GE-635 while at AT&T Bell Labs, Whippany.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="capps">Capps, Dennis</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Wrote <a href="#x1974_compose" class="cmd">compose</a> while at Honeywell.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="clark">Clark, James</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Wrote <a class="cmd" href="#x1989_groff">groff(1)</a> for the GNU project, <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://groff.ffii.org">groff.ffii.org</a>. Homepage: <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://www.jclark.com/">www.jclark.com</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="dzonsons">Dzonsons, Kristaps</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Wrote <a class="cmd" href="#x2008_mandoc">mandoc(1)</a>, <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://mdocml.bsd.lv">mdocml.bsd.lv</a>. Homepage: <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://kristaps.bsd.lv/">kristaps.bsd.lv</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="kernighan">Kernighan, Brian</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Completed <a class="cmd" href="#x1979">ditroff(1)</a> while at AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill. Homepage:
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/who/bwk/index.html">www.cs.bell-labs.com/who/bwk/</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="madnick">Madnick, Stuart</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
While at Honeywell, ported <a class="cmd" href="#x1964_RUNOFF">RUNOFF</a> to the <abbr
|
||
|
|
title="International Business Machines">IBM</abbr> CP67/CMS and renamed it <a class="cmd"
|
||
|
|
href="#x1967_SCRIPT">SCRIPT</a>. Homepage: <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://web.mit.edu/smadnick/www/home.html">web.mit.edu/smadnick/www/home.html</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="mcilroy">McIlroy, Douglas</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Ported <a class="cmd" href="#x1964_RUNOFF">RUNOFF</a> to <abbr title="General Electric
|
||
|
|
Comprehensive Operating Supervisor">GECOS</abbr> GE-645 while at AT&T Bell Labs, Murray
|
||
|
|
Hill. Homepage: <a href="http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/">www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="morris">Morris, Robert</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Possibly ported <a href="#x1964_RUNOFF" class="cmd">RUNOFF</a> to a <abbr title="General
|
||
|
|
Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor">GECOS</abbr> GE-635.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="ossanna">Ossanna, Joseph F.</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Worked on the PDP-11 assembly-language <a href="#x1972" class="cmd">nroff(1)</a> and <a
|
||
|
|
href="#x1973" class="cmd">troff(1)</a> (also converted the latter to C) while working at
|
||
|
|
AT&T Bell Labs, Murray Hill.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="ritchie">Ritchie, Dennis</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Wrote the PDP-11 assembly-language <a class="cmd" href="#x1971">roff(1)</a> while working at AT&T Bell
|
||
|
|
Labs, Murray Hill. Homepage: <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/dmr/">cm.bell-labs.com/who/dmr</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="ritter">Ritter, Gunnar</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Maintains the <a href="http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/index.html">Heirloom Project</a>,
|
||
|
|
including their re-licenced <a class="cmd" href="#x2005_troff">troff(1)</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="saltzer">Saltzer, Jerome H.</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Wrote <a class="cmd" href="#x1964_RUNOFF">RUNOFF</a> while working as a student at <abbr
|
||
|
|
title="Massachusettes Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>. Homepage: <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://mit.edu/saltzer/">mit.edu/saltzer</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="schwarze">Schwarze, Ingo</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Took over <a class="cmd" href="#x2008_mandoc">mandoc(1)</a> from <a href="#dzonsons">Kristaps
|
||
|
|
Dzonsons</a> in 2013.
|
||
|
|
Current project lead.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="spencer">Spencer, Henry</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Wrote the <a class="cmd" href="#x1991_awf">awf</a> formatter for the <i>man</i> and <i>ms</i>
|
||
|
|
macro sets. Homepage: <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/henry.html">www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/henry.html</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
<dt id="thompson">Thompson, Ken</dt>
|
||
|
|
<dd>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
Contributed to <a class="cmd" href="#x1971">roff(1)</a>, <a class="cmd"
|
||
|
|
href="#x1972">nroff(1)</a>, and <a class="cmd" href="#x1973">troff(1)</a> while at AT&T Bell
|
||
|
|
Labs, Murray Hill. Homepage: <a
|
||
|
|
href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/ken/">cm.bell-labs.com/who/ken</a>.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</dd>
|
||
|
|
</dl>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div id="copyright">
|
||
|
|
<h2>
|
||
|
|
Copyright
|
||
|
|
</h2>
|
||
|
|
<p>
|
||
|
|
The content of this page are available under Creative Commons' <a class="external"
|
||
|
|
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Attribution Share-Alike</a>: deriving works must attribute
|
||
|
|
the author(s) and use a similar license. However, cited communications (and copies of source materials),
|
||
|
|
available <a href="history/">here</a>, are copyright the sender/author, and not covered by this license.
|
||
|
|
</p>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<nav>
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://manpages.bsd.lv/index.html">Home</a>
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://manpages.bsd.lv/cgi-bin/cvsweb/history.xml?cvsroot=manpages">History</a>
|
||
|
|
</nav>
|
||
|
|
<footer>
|
||
|
|
<div>
|
||
|
|
<span>© 2011, 2016, <a href="http://kristaps.bsd.lv">Kristaps Dzonsons</a>,
|
||
|
|
© 2020 <a href="http://schwarze.bsd.lv/">Ingo Schwarze</a></span>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
<div>
|
||
|
|
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"><img src="license.png" alt="CC BY-SA" /></a>
|
||
|
|
</div>
|
||
|
|
</footer>
|
||
|
|
<div>
|
||
|
|
<map id="manpages" name="manpages">
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node1" href="#x1964_RUNOFF" title="RUNOFF" alt="" coords="138,163,135,155,125,149,111,143,92,140,72,139,52,140,33,143,19,149,9,155,6,163,9,170,19,177,33,182,52,185,72,187,92,185,111,182,125,177,135,170"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node2" href="#x1966_RUNOFF" title="RUNOFF" alt="" coords="286,92,283,85,273,78,259,73,240,69,220,68,200,69,181,73,167,78,157,85,154,92,157,99,167,106,181,111,200,115,220,116,240,115,259,111,273,106,283,99"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node3" href="#x1967_roff" title="roff" alt="" coords="396,123,394,115,389,109,381,103,371,100,360,99,349,100,339,103,331,109,326,115,324,123,326,130,331,137,339,142,349,145,360,147,371,145,381,142,389,137,394,130"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node4" href="#x1967_SCRIPT" title="SCRIPT" alt="" coords="419,185,416,178,408,171,395,166,378,163,360,161,342,163,325,166,312,171,304,178,301,185,304,193,312,199,325,205,342,208,360,209,378,208,395,205,408,199,416,193"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node5" href="#x1969" title="runoff" alt="" coords="526,232,524,225,517,218,507,213,494,209,480,208,466,209,453,213,443,218,436,225,434,232,436,239,443,246,453,251,466,255,480,256,494,255,507,251,517,246,524,239"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node6" href="#x1974_compose" title="compose" alt="" coords="1128,185,1125,178,1116,171,1102,166,1084,163,1064,161,1044,163,1026,166,1012,171,1003,178,1000,185,1003,193,1012,199,1026,205,1044,208,1064,209,1084,208,1102,205,1116,199,1125,193"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node7" href="#x1970_rf" title="rf" alt="" coords="621,232,620,225,614,218,606,213,596,209,585,208,574,209,564,213,556,218,551,225,549,232,551,239,556,246,564,251,574,255,585,256,596,255,606,251,614,246,620,239"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node8" href="#x1971" title="roff(1)" alt="" coords="742,279,739,271,733,265,722,259,708,256,693,255,678,256,665,259,654,265,647,271,645,279,647,286,654,293,665,298,678,301,693,303,708,301,722,298,733,293,739,286"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node9" href="#x1969_roff" title="roff" alt="" coords="516,295,514,287,509,281,501,275,491,272,480,271,469,272,459,275,451,281,446,287,444,295,446,302,451,309,459,314,469,317,480,319,491,317,501,314,509,309,514,302"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node10" href="#x1972" title="nroff(1)" alt="" coords="867,279,864,271,856,265,844,259,829,256,812,255,795,256,780,259,768,265,760,271,757,279,760,286,768,293,780,298,795,301,812,303,829,301,844,298,856,293,864,286"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node11" href="#x1973" title="troff(1)" alt="" coords="985,279,983,271,975,265,964,259,949,256,933,255,917,256,903,259,891,265,884,271,881,279,884,286,891,293,903,298,917,301,933,303,949,301,964,298,975,293,983,286"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node12" href="#x1979" title="ditroff(1)" alt="" coords="1266,279,1263,271,1254,265,1240,259,1223,256,1204,255,1185,256,1168,259,1154,265,1145,271,1142,279,1145,286,1154,293,1168,298,1185,301,1204,303,1223,301,1240,298,1254,293,1263,286"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node13" href="#x1992" title="troff(1)" alt="" coords="1637,208,1635,201,1627,194,1616,189,1601,185,1585,184,1569,185,1555,189,1543,194,1536,201,1533,208,1536,215,1543,222,1555,227,1569,231,1585,232,1601,231,1616,227,1627,222,1635,215"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node14" href="#x2005_troff" title="troff(1)" alt="" coords="1756,255,1753,247,1746,241,1735,235,1720,232,1704,231,1688,232,1673,235,1662,241,1655,247,1652,255,1655,262,1662,269,1673,274,1688,277,1704,279,1720,277,1735,274,1746,269,1753,262"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node15" href="#x1989_groff" title="groff(1)" alt="" coords="1391,301,1389,294,1381,287,1369,282,1353,279,1336,277,1319,279,1303,282,1291,287,1283,294,1281,301,1283,309,1291,315,1303,321,1319,324,1336,325,1353,324,1369,321,1381,315,1389,309"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node16" href="#x1991_awf" title="awf(1)" alt="" coords="1511,348,1509,341,1502,334,1491,329,1478,325,1463,324,1448,325,1434,329,1423,334,1417,341,1414,348,1417,355,1423,362,1434,367,1448,371,1463,372,1478,371,1491,367,1502,362,1509,355"/>
|
||
|
|
<area shape="poly" id="node18" href="#x2008_mandoc" title="mandoc(1)" alt="" coords="1918,301,1914,294,1904,287,1887,282,1867,279,1844,277,1821,279,1801,282,1784,287,1774,294,1770,301,1774,309,1784,315,1801,321,1821,324,1844,325,1867,324,1887,321,1904,315,1914,309"/>
|
||
|
|
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