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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>The Virtual Museum of Computing</TITLE>
<LINK REL=made HREF="http://www.jpbowen.com/">
<!-- Created by Jonathan Bowen, 1 June 1995 -->
<META NAME="description" CONTENT="This virtual museum includes an
eclectic collection of WWW hyperlinks connected with the history of
computing and on-line computer-based exhibits available both locally
and around the world.">
<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="virtual, library, museum, computing
computer, history, exhibit, gallery, newsgroup, simulator, future, network,
software, hardware, research, education, VMoC, museophile">
<STYLE type="text/css">
<!-- {}
H1.title {border-width: 2; border: solid; text-align: center}
H2.list {border-width: 1; border: solid; text-align: center}
-->
</STYLE>
<BASE TARGET="_top">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#ffffff">
<FONT FACE="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">
<A HREF="http://icom.museum/">
<IMG ALT="ICOM" SRC="http://icom.museum/images/icom2.gif"
HEIGHT=48 WIDTH=96 BORDER=0 ALIGN=right></A>
<!http://vlib.org/>
<!http://vlib.stanford.edu/Overview.html>
<!24 Feb 98>
<!http://www.vlib.org/>
<!http://www.w3.org/vl/>
<A NAME=top HREF="http://www.vlib.org/">
<NOBR>
<IMG ALT="*"
SRC="Virtual_Library.gif"
HEIGHT=48 WIDTH=48 BORDER=0>
Virtual Library</NOBR></A>
<!NOBR>
<!/archive/other/museums.html>
<!4 Mar 98>
<!http://icom.museum/vlmp/>
<!10 Jan 01>
<A HREF="http://vlmp.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/">
<NOBR>
<IMG ALT="*"
SRC="Virtual_Library.gif"
HEIGHT=36 WIDTH=36 BORDER=0>
Museums</NOBR></A>
<!http://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/bySubject/Computing/Overview.html>
<!http://vlib.stanford.edu/Computing.html>
<!24 Feb 98>
<A HREF="http://www.vlib.org/Computing.html">
<NOBR>
<IMG ALT="*"
SRC="Virtual_Library.gif"
HEIGHT=36 WIDTH=36 BORDER=0>
Computing</NOBR></A>
<!8 Feb 00>
<!-- http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/museums/computing/pioneers.html -->
<!19 Dec 00>
<NOBR>
<A HREF="http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/pioneers/">
<IMG ALT="*"
SRC="Virtual_Library.gif"
HEIGHT=36 WIDTH=36 BORDER=0>
Pioneers</NOBR></A>
<!/NOBR>
<BR CLEAR=all>
<P>
<HR SIZE=5>
<!30 Sep 99>
<A HREF="http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/babbage/#diff-engine">
<!IMG SRC="http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/museums/computing/photo.gif">
<IMG SRC="http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/photo.gif"
WIDTH=121 HEIGHT=186 BORDER=0 ALT="[Babbage Difference Engine]" ALIGN=right></A>
<!PRE>
<!/PRE>
<CENTER>
<H1 CLASS="title">
<FONT COLOR="#ff0000">
<EM>The Virtual Museum of Computing</EM>
<BR>
<CENTER>
(VMoC)
</CENTER>
</FONT>
</H1>
Now accessible as:
<FONT SIZE=5>
<!29 Jan 99>
<!http://i.am/vmoc>
<!8 May 99>
<!--
<A HREF=http://vmoc.i.am/>
<TT>vmoc.i.am</TT></A>
<!19 Dec 00>
<A HREF=http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/>
<TT>vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk</TT></A>
-->
<!9 Jun 02>
<A HREF="http://vmoc.museophile.com/">
<TT>vmoc.museophile.com</TT></A>
</FONT>
<P>
</CENTER>
<!-- desc -->
This virtual museum includes an eclectic
<A HREF=#galleries>
collection</A> of
<!http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html>
<A HREF="http://www.w3.org/">
World Wide Web</A> (WWW)
hyperlinks connected with the history of computing
and on-line computer-based exhibits available both locally and
around the world.
<!-- end_desc -->
<!P>
<!--
You are visitor number
-->
<!"http://www.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/cgi-bin/archive/nph-count?link=/vlmp/computing.html">
<!"http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cgi/archive/nph-count?link=/vlmp/computing.html">
<!A HREF="http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/cgi/archive/museum-count?/vlmp/computing.html">
<A HREF="http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cgi/archive/nph-count?link=/vlmp/computing.html"
onMouseOver="window.status='Visitor counter'; return true"
onMouseOut="window.status=''; return true">
<!-- WIDTH=105 HEIGHT=20 -->
<IMG WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=20 BORDER=0 ALT="[VISITOR NUMBER]"
SRC="http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cgi/archive/nph-count?width=5&link=/vlmp/computing.html"></A>
<! SRC="http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/cgi/archive/museum-count?/vlmp/computing.html"></A>
<!"http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cgi/archive/nph-count?width=5&link=/vlmp/computing.html">
<!--
since
-->
<P>
This museum opened on
<NOBR>1<SUP>st</SUP> June 1995</NOBR>.
<!24 Sep 96>
The museum receives about 200 visitors each day.
<!P>
Please contact
<!25 Oct 00>
<A HREF="http://www.jpbowen.com/">
Jonathan Bowen</A>
if you know of relevant on-line information not included here.
<P>
<!15 May 96>
Mirror sites are available in
<A HREF="http://icom.museum/vlmp/computing.html">
Sweden</A> and
<!http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/icom/vlmp/computing.html>
<A HREF="http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/vlmp/computing.html">
USA</A> courtesy of
<A HREF="http://icom.museum/">
ICOM</A>, and also
<!http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/other/museums.html#mirrors>
<A HREF="http://icom.museum/overview.html#mirrors">
elsewhere</A>, including the
<!http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/vlmp/computing.html>
<!3 Feb 98><!20 Dec 00>
<A HREF="http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/">
UK</A>, if you experience poor access speed.
<!23 Sep 96>
<!http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cgi/archive/redirect-vmoc>
<!20 Dec 00>
<A HREF="http://www.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/cgi/archive/redirect-vmoc">
Automatic redirection</A> to a mirror site is available.
<P>
<BR CLEAR=all>
<!PRE>
<!/PRE>
<CENTER>
<!H4>
<!4 Nov 96>
<A NAME=current HREF=#current>
<!This month>
<!/H4>
<!4 Nov 96>
<!FONT SIZE=+1>
<!/FONT>
<H4>
<A NAME=selection HREF=#selection>
Selected recent additions and events</A>
</H4>
<!31 Jan 96>
<!http://www.zib-berlin.de/Prospect/zuse.html>
<!Konrad Zuse>
<!http://www.zib-berlin.de/Prospect/nachruf.html>
<! died 18 December 1995>
<!/FONT>
<!P>
<FONT SIZE=+1>
<!2 May 03>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
<A HREF="http://www.research.ibm.com/resources/news/20030423_edgarpassaway.shtml">
Edgar (Ted) Codd</A> (1923-2003), inventor of the
<A HREF="http://www.databaseanswers.com/history.htm">
relational database</A> model,
died on <NOBR>18 April 2003.</NOBR>
<P>
<!6 Mar 03>
<!"http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~ksj/RogerNeedham.html">
<A HREF="http://research.microsoft.com/users/needham/">
Roger Needham</A> (1935-2003) died on 28 February 2003.
<P>
<!6 Oct 02>
<A HREF="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/08/24/1030052995887.html">
Allan Bromley</A>, who researched
<A HREF="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/collections/exhiblets/babbage/babbwork.asp">
Charles Babbage</A>'s drawings of the
<A HREF="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/collections/exhiblets/babbage/diffeng.asp">
Difference Engine</A> extensively in the
London
<A HREF="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/">
Science Museum</A> archive, died in August 2002.
This work led to the building of the
<A HREF="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/collections/exhiblets/babbage/diffeng2.asp">
Difference Engine No.&nbsp;2</A>,
now on display in the
<A HREF="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/">
Science Museum</A> Computing Gallery in London.
<P>
<!20 Aug 02>
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/">
Edsger Wybe Dijkstra</A> (1930-2002),
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/obituary.html">
died</A> on
<NOBR>6 August 2002.</NOBR>
See
<A HREF="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/UTCS/notices/dijkstra/ewdobit.html">
obituary</A>.
<P>
<!20 Aug 02>
Both co-inventors of
<A HREF="http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Simula/">
Simula 67</A>, the first
object-oriented programming language, died in 2002.
<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.ifi.uio.no/~olejohan/">
Ole-Johan Dahl</A> (1931-2002)
<A HREF="http://www.ub.uio.no/umn/inf/ojd/">
died</A> on
<NOBR>29 June 2002.</NOBR>
<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.ifi.uio.no/~kristen/">
Kristen Nygaard</A> (1926-2002)
<A HREF="http://www.ifi.uio.no/in_memoriam_kristen/">
died</A> on
<NOBR>10 August 2002.</NOBR>
<P>
<!18 Jul 01>
<A HREF="http://is.lse.ac.uk/leo/">
Business Computing:
the Second 50 Years</A>, The Guildhall, London, UK,
<NOBR>5-6 November 2001.</NOBR>
A conference celebrating the 50th anniversary of
<A HREF="http://is.lse.ac.uk/leo/About_LEO.htm">
LEO</A>, the world's first business computer.
See
<!29 Nov 01>
<A HREF="http://is.lse.ac.uk/leo/programme.htm">
programme</A>.
<P>
<!23 Apr 01>
<A HREF="http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/pvs01/">
<EM>Program Verification and Semantics: The Early Work</EM></A>,
seminar,
<A HREF="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/">
Science Museum</A>, London,
<NOBR>5 June 2001.</NOBR>
<P>
<!16 Jul 01>
<A HREF="http://www.computer50.org/mark1/kilburn.html">
Tom Kilburn</A> (1921-2001), Manchester University, UK,
died on
<NOBR>17 January 2001.</NOBR>
<P>
<!16 Jul 01>
<A HREF="http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/hewlett/index2.htm">
William Hewlett</A> (1913-2001), co-founder of
<A HREF="http://www.hp.com/">HP</A>, died on
<NOBR>12 January 2001.</NOBR>
<P>
<!27 Jul 01>
<A HREF="http://www.npl.co.uk/npl/about/100years_npl/famous/donald_davies.html">
Donald Davies</A> (1924-2000), packet switching pioneer at
<A HREF="http://www.npl.co.uk/">
NPL</A>, died on
<NOBR>28 May 2000.</NOBR>
<!-- -->
<NOBR>
See
<A HREF="http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/davies.shtml">
ISOC information</A>.</NOBR>
<P>
<!17 Jan 00>
<A HREF="http://www.alanturing.net/conference/ACE/ace2000.html">
ACE 2000 CONFERENCE</A>
50th anniversary of the ACE computer,
<A HREF="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/">
Science Museum</A>, London,
<NOBR>18 May 2000</NOBR>
&amp;
<A HREF="http://www.npl.co.uk/">
National Physical Laboratory</A>, UK,
<NOBR>19 May 2000</NOBR>.
<P>
<!15 Dec 98>
<A HREF="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/UoCCL/misc/EDSAC99/">
EDSAC 99</A>, 50th Anniversary of the EDSAC 1 computer,
Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK,
<NOBR>15-16 April 1999</NOBR>.
<P>
<!21 Dec 98>
<!http://www.man.ac.uk/Science_Engineering/CHSTM/leo/reports.htm>
<!18 Jul 01>
<A HREF="http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/1999reu.htm">
50th Anniversary</A> of Joe Lyons' decision to give the
go ahead to the building of
<!5 Jan 99>
<NOBR>
<!http://www.man.ac.uk/Science_Engineering/CHSTM/leo/>
<A HREF="http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/">
LEO</A> 1</NOBR>,
<NOBR>15 October 1999</NOBR>.
<!--
<NOBR>
Contact
<A HREF=mailto:%20pgb@cuapb.demon.co.uk>
Peter Byford</A>,
</NOBR>
Chairman,
<NOBR>
LEO Computers Society.
</NOBR>
-->
<P>
<!11 Nov 98>
<!http://www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/98/11/10/timobiobi03003.html?1048521>
<!13 Apr 03>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
<A HREF="http://www.redherring.com/mag/issue63/news-flowers.html">
Tommy Flowers</A>, MBE, codebreaking engineer at Bletchley Park
who worked on Colossus, died on <NOBR>28 October 1998, aged 92</NOBR>.
<NOBR>(Born on 22 December 1905.)</NOBR>
<P>
<!22 Oct 98>
<A HREF="http://www.isoc.org/postel/">
In Memory of Internet Pioneer Jon Postel</A>, died October 1998.
<BR>
See also
<A HREF="http://www.iana.org/postel/postel-tribute.html">
tribute</A> from
<A HREF="http://www.iana.org/">
IANA</A> and
<A HREF="http://www.domainhandbook.com/postel.html">
<NOBR>In Memoriam</NOBR></A> from the
<A HREF="http://www.domainhandbook.com/">
<NOBR>Domain Name Handbook</NOBR></A>
<BR>
(<A HREF="http://www.isoc.org/postel/service.shtml">Memorial service</A>, 5 November 1998.)
<P>
<!--
18 month celebration of the
<A HREF=#ENIAC>
50th anniversary of ENIAC</A>, from 14 February 1996.
<BR>
<!7 Feb 96>
<A HREF=#Bletchley>
Bletchley Park</A> including the
Colossus Rebuild Project.
<BR>
<!15 Mar 96>
<A HREF="http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/mark1/index.html">
Towards the 50th Anniversary of the Manchester Mark 1 Computer</A>.
<BR>
<!27 Jun 96>
<A HREF="http://www.hp.com/abouthp/packard.htm">
David Packard</A>
(1912-1996), co-founder of <A HREF="http://www.hp.com/">HP</A>.
<BR>
<!16 Sep 96>
<A HREF=http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/review/phillips.htm>
Phillips Economic Hydraulic Computer</A>,
now at the
<A HREF=http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/>
Science Museum</A>, London.
<BR>
<!20 Sep 96>
<A HREF=http://www.tcse.org/hmills.html>
Harlan Mills</A>
(1919-1996), software engineering pioneer.
<BR>
<!14 Oct 96>
<A HREF=http://www.si.edu/resource/tours/comphist/cray.htm>
Seymour Cray</A>
(<A HREF=http://jya.com/srcrip.txt>died October 1996</A>),
supercomputer pioneer and
founder of
<A HREF=http://www.cray.com/>
Cray</A>.
<BR>
25 year ago in November 1971
<A HREF=http://web.mit.edu/invent/www/inventorsA-H/hoff.html>
"Ted" Marcian E. Hoff Jr</A> invented the
first
<A HREF=http://www.dg.com/features/generations/microprocessors.html>
microprocessor</A> (the 4004) at
<!http://www.intel.com/>
<A HREF=http://www.dg.com/features/generations/intel.html>
Intel</A>.
<BR>
<!5 Dec 96>
<!http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/>
<!15 Mar 02>
<A HREF=http://www.bcs.org/sg/ccs/>
BCS Computer Conservation Society</A>, UK.
<BR>
<!26 Jan 98>
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/people/jpb/publications/thes-leo.html#Pinkerton>
John Pinkerton</A>, died
<NOBR>22 December 1997</NOBR>.
<!http://gtd.icl.co.uk/enginicl/jmmp.htm>
<P>
-->
<!19 Nov 97>
<A HREF=http://www.computer50.org/>
50th Anniversary of the First Stored-Program Computer</A>,
<NOBR>Manchester, UK, 21 June 1998</NOBR>.
<P>
<!10 May 98>
<A HREF=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html>
Memorials to Alan Turing</A> -
a new
<A HREF=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/>
<NOBR>English Heritage</NOBR></A>
blue plaque memorial as
<NOBR><EM>Code-breaker and Pioneer of Computer Science</EM></NOBR>
was unveiled by
<A HREF=http://www.turing.org.uk/>
<NOBR>Andrew Hodges</NOBR></A>
(<NOBR><A HREF=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/>Turing</A>'s
<!24 Jun 98>
<A HREF=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/book.html>
biographer</A></NOBR>)
at
<!24 Jun 98>
<A HREF=http://www.colonnade.demon.co.uk/>
<NOBR>his birthplace</NOBR></A> in <NOBR>London, UK,</NOBR>
on
<NOBR>Turing's 86th birthday, 23 June 1998</NOBR>.
<P>
<!3 Feb 98>
<A HREF=http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/~widiger/ICHC/>
International Conference on the History of Computing</A>,
<NOBR>Paderborn, Germany, 14-16 August 1998</NOBR>.
<P>
<!--
<!17 Jun 98>
2nd
<!http://www.siconic.com/vcf/>
<!18 Jul 01>
<A HREF=http://www.vintage.org/>
Vintage Computer Festival</A>,
Santa Clara, California, USA, <NOBR>26-27 September 1998</NOBR>.
<P>
-->
<A HREF=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~hoc/kiev/>
Computers in Europe: Past, Present and Future</A>
International Symposium,
<NOBR>Kiev, Ukraine, 6-8 October 1998</NOBR>.
<P>
<!8 Sep 97>
1st
<A HREF=http://www.siconic.com/vcf/>
<!18 Jul 01>
<A HREF=http://www.vintage.org/>
Vintage Computer Festival</A>,
Alameda County Fairgrounds, Pleasanton, California, USA,
<NOBR>25-26 October 1997</NOBR>.
<P>
<!4 Oct 97>
<A HREF=http://www.systers.org/hopper/>
Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing</A>,
San Jose, California, USA,
<NOBR>19-21 September 1997</NOBR>.
<P>
See also other
<A HREF=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~hoc/conferences.html>
History of Computing conferences</A>.
<P>
</FONT>
</CENTER>
<P>
<A NAME=galleries>
<HR SIZE=5>
<H2 CLASS="list">Galleries</H2>
<FONT SIZE=+1>
<UL TYPE=square>
<LI><A HREF=#local>Local virtual exhibits</A>
<LI><A HREF=#corporate>Corporate history and overviews</A>
<LI><A HREF=#orgs>History of computing organizations</A>
<!12 Jun 95>
<LI><A HREF=#history>General historical information</A>
<LI><A HREF=#museums>Computer-related museums</A>
<LI><A HREF=#exhibits>On-line exhibits and information</A>
<!12 Jun 95>
<LI><A HREF=#personal>Personal collections</A>
<!20 Nov 97>
<LI><A HREF=#newsgroups>Selected newsgroups</A>
<LI><A HREF=#simulators>Computer simulators</A>
<!23 Jan 96>
<LI><A HREF=#future>The future</A>
<!12 Jul 95>
<LI><A HREF=#other>Other links</A>
</UL>
</FONT>
<A NAME=local>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">Local virtual exhibits</H2>
<UL>
<!19 Oct 95>
<!-- http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/museums/computing/pioneers.html -->
<LI><!19 Dec 00>
<A HREF="http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/pioneers/">
Pioneers of Computing</A>
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
by the museum's "virtual director",
<A HREF=http://www.jpbowen.com/>
Jonathan Bowen</A>.
<!11 Sep 95><!18 Sep 95>
<!http://www.wadham.ox.ac.uk/~ahodges/Turing.html>
<!14 Mar 96>
<!http://users.ox.ac.uk/~wadh0249/Turing.html>
<!15 May 96>
<!http://users.ox.ac.uk/~wadh0249/Turing.html>
<LI><!8 May 98>
<A HREF=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/>
The Alan Turing Home Page</A>
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
by the museum's first "virtual curator",
<!http://users.ox.ac.uk/~wadh0249/>
<A HREF=http://www.turing.org.uk/>
Andrew Hodges</A>, author of
<!http://users.ox.ac.uk/~wadh0249/book.html>
<!http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/book.html>
<!12 Jul 02>
<A HREF=http://www.turing.org.uk/book/>
<EM>Alan Turing: The Enigma</EM></A>.
<!--
<!11 Feb 97>
Also available
<A HREF=http://www.turing.com/turing/Turing.html>
in the US</A>.
-->
See also
<!17 Jan 00>
<A HREF=http://www.alanturing.net/>
AlanTuring.net</A>, the Turing Archive for the History of Computing.
<!23 Feb 96>
<!http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/users/jonathan.bowen/babbage.html>
<LI><!30 Sep 99><!20 Dec 00>
<A HREF=http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/babbage/>
Charles Babbage (1791-1871)</A>
including the
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/users/jonathan.bowen/babbage.html#diff-engine>
<!11 Jan 01>
<A HREF=http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/babbage/#diff-engine>
Difference Engine</A>.
<!15 Jun 95>
<!http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/museums/computing/mandelbrot.html>
<LI><!20 Dec 00><!10 Jan 01>
<A HREF="http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/mandelbrot/">
Mandelbrot Exhibition</A>.
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/users/jonathan.bowen/algebra/>
<LI><!30 Sep 99><!Dec 00>
<A HREF=http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/algebra/>
A Brief History of Algebra and Computing</A>.
<!An Eclectic Oxonian View>
<!22 Jun 95>
<!http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/museums/computing/atanasoff.html>
<LI><!20 Dec 00>
<A HREF=http://vmoc.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/pioneers/atanasoff.html>
John V. Atanasoff: Obituary</A> (June 1995).
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/cards.html>
<LI>
Early
<!23 Apr 01>
<A HREF=http://vmoc.museophile.com/cards/>
Microprocessor Instruction Set Cards</A>.
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/users/jonathan.bowen/publications/ndcubes.html>
<LI><!25 Jan 00><!23 Apr 01>
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/people/jpb/publications/ndcubes.html>
N-dimensional cubes</A>, including program code to generate them.
<LI><!1 Jun 95><!23 Apr 01>
Computer graphics
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ox.ac.uk/images/>
image archive</A>, including
<!http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/images.html#Movies>
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ox.ac.uk/images/#Movies>
moving images</A>.
<LI><!1 Jun 95><!23 Apr 01>
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/3d/>
3-D and SIRDS images</A>, including
<!http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/3d.html#VR>
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/3d/#VR>
Virtual Reality</A>.
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/~paul/>
<!--
<LI><!30 Oct 96>
<A HREF=http://linux1.balliol.ox.ac.uk/~paul/>
Paul's Virtual Exhibition</A>.
An experimental ray-traced gallery/museum.
-->
<!LI><!1 Jun 95>
<!http://thomas.balliol.ox.ac.uk/gallery2/>
<!The Nightmare Gallery>
<!of pictures from the>
<!news:alt.binaries.pictures.misc>
<!alt.binaries.pictures.misc newsgroup.>
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
Computer
<!http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/audio.html>
<!23 Apr 01>
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/audio/>
audio</A>.
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
A
<!http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/selection.html>
<!23 Apr 01>
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/selection/>
selection of organizations</A> with WWW servers,
including many major computing, electronics and telecoms
corporations.
<!--
<LI><!31 Jan 96>
<A HREF=http://swift.eng.ox.ac.uk/rjm/museum.html>
Bob's Computer Museum</A> -
guide to a growing personal collection of mainly microcomputers
by Robert Manners.
(Good brief information and pictures.)
-->
<LI><!25 Apr 97>
<!23 Apr 01>
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/people/jpb/publications/thes-leo.html>
Lionising Leo</A>:
Review of
<EM>The World's First Business Computer: User-Driven Innovation</EM>,
D.T. Caminer (ed.),
<A HREF=http://www.mcgraw-hill.com/>
McGraw-Hill</A>, 1996.
</UL>
<!14 Oct 96>
Items marked
<I><IMG ALT="`Recommended'" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11></I>
are especially recommended.
<P>
<!12 Oct 95>
If you would like to volunteer to be a virtual curator on some
aspect of the history of computing, please
<A HREF=http://www.jpbowen.com/> get in touch</A>,
preferably with a
<A HREF=http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/?URL>
URL</A> for the "gallery" or on-line exhibit
which you would like included.
<P>
<!7 Jun 95>
The museum has no on-line shop as yet, but feel free to try some
<!http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/shopping.html>
<!23 Apr 01>
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/shopping/>
virtual shopping</A>.
<P>
<!12 Jun 95>
You may also be interested in a list of
<A HREF=http://www.blackwell.co.uk/cgi-bin/bb_catsel?09_IR8>
books on the history of computing</A>, available for sale from
<A HREF=http://www.blackwell.co.uk/bookshops/>
Blackwell's Bookshop</A>, Oxford.
<P>
<A NAME=corporate>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">Corporate history and overviews</H2>
<UL>
<!11 Sep 96>
<!http://www.acorn.co.uk/aboutacorn/introduction.html>
<!16 Jan 98>
<!http://www.acorn.com/>
<LI><!8 Feb 03>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
<A HREF="http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Systems/Acorn/">
Acorn</A>:
<!http://www.acorn.com/acorn/company/>
<!8 Feb 03>
<A HREF="http://www.mcmordie.co.uk/acornhistory/acornhistory.shtml">
A technical history</A>.
An early home computer manufacturer based in Cambridge, UK.
<LI><!27 Nov 95>
<A HREF=http://www.amdahl.com/>
Amdahl</A>:
<!http://www.amdahl.com/about/timeline.htm>
<!-- Company History -->
US company
founded by IBM System/360 architect Gene Amdahl, now owned by Fujitsu.
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://www.apple.com/documents/history.html>
<LI><!14 Jul 97>
<A HREF=http://www.apple.com/>
Apple</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.research.apple.com/extras/history/>
History</A>, California, USA.
Personal computer manufacturer found by Jobs and Wozniak,
only real competition to the IBM PC.
<!A HREF=http://www.info.apple.com/aboutapple/timeline.html>
<!Corporate Timeline from January 1976 onwards.>
<!12 Feb 97>
See also
<!14 Jul 97>
<!http://www.apple-history.pair.com/>
<!7 Mar 99>
<A HREF=http://www.apple-history.com/>
apple-history.com</A>.
<!--
<A HREF=http://www.photonpub.co.uk/appleretro/>
AppleRetrospective</A>
including an
<A HREF=http://www.photonpub.co.uk/appleretro/retroindex.html>
Apple computer index</A> and
<A HREF=http://www.photonpub.co.uk/appleretro/links.html>
links to Apple II sites</A>.
-->
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://www.att.com/factbook/fb03_history.html>
<LI><!16 Jan 98>
<A HREF=http://www.att.com/>
AT&amp;T</A>:
<!http://www.att.com/ir/factbook/co_history.html>
<!--
<!21 Dec 98>
<A HREF=http://www.att.com/attlabs/threads.html>
History of AT&amp;T research and development</A>
(see <A HREF=http://www.att.com/attlabs/chrono/>
chronology</A> and
<A HREF=http://www.att.com/attlabs/sprockets.html>
archival films</A> including early e-mail) and
-->
<A HREF=http://www.research.att.com/history/>
Research history</A>.
Telecommunications company where
<A HREF=http://www.research.att.com/history/47trans.html>
the transistor</A> (1947) and
<!http://www.att.com/attlabs/chrono/internet.html>
<!8 Feb 03>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
<A HREF="http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/">
Unix operating system</A> were invented.
See also the
<A HREF=http://www.research.att.com/history/39comp.html>
first electrical digital computer</A> (1939).
<LI><!27 Jan 98>
<A HREF=http://www.compaq.com/>
Compaq</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.compaq.com/inside/news/>
News</A>, USA.
PCs;
<A HREF=http://www.compaq.com/newsroom/pr/pr260198c.html>
second largest computing company</A> having bought
<A HREF=http://www.digital.com/>
Digital</A> in January 1998.
<LI><!22 Jun 98>
<A HREF=http://www.cdc.com/>
Control Data Corporation</A> (CDC):
<A HREF=http://www.cdc.com/about/>
About Control Data</A>, USA.
First
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/people/jpb/publications/thes-cray.html>
supercomputer</A> (CDC6600) manufacturer.
<LI><!25 May 97>
<A HREF=http://www.corel.com/>
Corel</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.corel.com/news/>
News</A>, USA.
Software including WordPerfect.
<!14 Jun 95>
<!http://www.cray.com/PUBLIC/Overview.html>
<LI><!3 Jun 96>
<A HREF=http://www.cray.com/>
Cray</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.cray.com/PUBLIC/COMPANY/Overview.html>
A Company Overiew</A>, USA.
<!7 Jul 98>
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/people/jpb/publications/thes-cray.html>
Supercomputer</A> manufacturer.
Bought by
<A HREF=http://www.sgi.com/>
Silicon Graphics</A>.
<LI><!25 Apr 96>
<A HREF=http://www.dg.com/>
Data General</A>:
<!http://www.dg.com/info/dgbg.html>
<!7 Jul 98>
<A HREF=http://www.dg.com/about/>
Corporate Information</A>, USA.
Early minicomputer manufacturer.
<LI><!14 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.digital.com/>
Digital</A>:
<!http://www.digital.com/info/digital-at-a-glance.html>
<!17 Aug 98>
<A HREF=http://www.digital.com/timeline/>
Computing Timeline</A>, Massachusetts, USA.
Early minicomputer manufacturer.
See
<!17 Aug 98>
<A HREF=http://www.digital.com/info/flash/b40/>
40th Anniversary</A> (23 August 1997).
<LI><!27 Jun 96>
<A HREF=http://www.hp.com/>
Hewlett-Packard</A> (HP):
<A HREF=http://www.hp.com/abouthp/history.html>
History</A>, California, USA.
Includes
<!1 Jun 95>
<!--
<A HREF=http://www.hp.com/abouthp/HPGarage.html>
the Garage</A> which was workshop of
-->
the founders
<!http://www.hp.com/abouthp/hewlett.htm>
<!23 Apr 01>
<A HREF=http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/bios/hewlett.htm>
Bill Hewlett</A> and
<!http://www.hp.com/abouthp/packard.htm>
<A HREF=http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/bios/packard.htm>
Dave Packard</A>.
<!-- when they started business. -->
<LI><!14 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.ibm.com/>
IBM</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.ibm.com/IBM/>
About IBM</A>, USA.
See also
<!27 Nov 95>
<A HREF=http://www.ibm.com/Features/ancient.html>
IBM and the Internet: an ancient history</A>.
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://www.icl.co.uk/ICL/ICLFacts/ICL_History.html>
<LI><!16 May 97>
<A HREF=http://www.icl.co.uk/>
ICL</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.icl.co.uk/facts/fact15.html>
History of Ownership and Flotation</A>, UK.
<LI><!14 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.intel.com/>
Intel</A>:
<!http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/about.html>
<!7 Jul 98>
<A HREF=http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/about.htm>
In Brief</A> and
<!7 Jul 98>
<A HREF=http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/museum/>
museum</A>, California, USA.
The company who introduced the world's
<!7 Jul 98>
<A HREF=http://www.dg.com/about/html/intel_evolution.html>
first microprocessor</A> in
1971.
<LI><!26 Jan 96>
<A HREF=http://www.jamesmartin.com/>
James Martin &amp; Co.</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.jamesmartin.com/whoweare/history.html>
Our Company History</A>.
Methodology and process management, founded in 1981.
See also the
<A HREF=http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/people/tony.hoare.html>
James Martin Professor of Computing</A>.
<LI><!22 Jun 98>
<A HREF=http://archive.museophile.sbu.ac.uk/people/jpb/publications/thes-leo.html>
J. Lyons &amp; Co.</A>:
First business computer
<!5 Jan 99><!18 Jul 01>
(<A HREF=http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/>Lyons
Electronic Office</A>
- LEO) manufacturer, UK.
<LI><!16 Oct 95>
<A HREF=http://www.logica.com/>
Logica</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.logica.com/aboutl/>
About Logica</A>, London, UK.
A leading international software house, founded in 1969.
<LI><!25 May 97>
<A HREF=http://library.microsoft.com/>
Microsoft</A>:
<A HREF=http://library.microsoft.com/mshist/mshist.htm>
History</A>, Seattle, USA.
Largest PC software company in the world.
See
<!27 Aug 99>
<A HREF=http://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/museum/home.asp>
Microsoft Museum</A>.
<!Netscape>
<LI><!7 Jan 99>
<A HREF=http://www.rational.com/corpinfo/history.jtmpl>
Rational Software</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.rational.com/corpinfo/history.jtmpl>
Company history</A>, USA.
Software application development support company,
founded in 1981.
<LI><!25 May 97>
<A HREF=http://www.next.com/>
NeXT</A>:
<!--
<A HREF=http://www.next.com/AboutNeXT/NeXTBackgrounder.html>
Corporate Backgrounder</A>,
-->
California, USA.
Founded by Steve Jobs after leaving
<A HREF=http://www.apple.com/>
Apple</A>, now reconsumed by
<A HREF=http://enterprise.apple.com/>
Apple</A>.
<!-- Business, history etc. From hardware to software. -->
<LI><!25 May 97>
<A HREF=http://www.olivetti.com/>
Olivetti</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.olivetti.com/group/history.html>
The story</A>, Italy.
From typewriters to IT, telecommunications and multimedia.
<LI><!25 May 97>
<A HREF=http://www.oracle.com/>
Oracle</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.oracle.com/corporate/>
About Oracle</A>, USA.
World's largest vendor of information management software.
<LI><!14 Jun 95>
<!http://www.sgi.com/Overview/overview.html>
<A HREF=http://www.sgi.com/>
Silicon Graphics</A> (SGI):
<A HREF=http://www.sgi.com/Overview/corp/overview.html>
Corporate Overview</A>, California, USA.
A workstation manfacturer, concentrating on high-quality graphics,
founded in the early 1980s.
<!14 Jun 95>
<!http://www.sun.com/cgi-bin/show?corporateoverview/corp.html>
<!http://www.sun.com/cgi-bin/show?corporateoverview/SMI_overview.html>
<LI><!11 Nov 97>
<A HREF=http://www.sun.com/>
Sun</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.sun.com/corporateoverview/who/history.html>
Corporate Information: History</A>, California, USA.
A leading workstation manufacturer, founded in 1982.
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.cc.gatech.edu/services/unisys-folklore/>
Unisys: History Newsletter</A>, USA.
Information about UNIVAC, Sperry, Burroughs etc.
<LI><!11 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.xilinx.com/>
Xilinx</A>:
<A HREF=http://www.xilinx.com/About_the_company.html>
About the Company</A>, USA.
Introduced the first Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) in 1985.
</UL>
More on-line history from other computer companies not mentioned
above would be especially welcome for inclusion.
<P>
<A NAME=orgs>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">History of computing organizations</H2>
<UL>
<LI><!8 Oct 99>
<A HREF=http://www.atari-history.com/> The
Atari Historical Society</A>.
<!17 Nov 97>
<!http://csirac.cs.latrobe.edu.au/>
<LI><!23 Mar 98><!8 Jun 02>
<A NAME=ACMS HREF=http://www.terrigal.net.au/~acms/>
Australian Computer Museum Society Inc</A> (ACMS).
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://fs1.itdean.umn.edu/cbi/cbihome.htm>
<!14 Nov 95>
<!http://cbi.itdean.umn.edu/cbi/welcome.htm>
<LI><!20 Aug 98>
<A NAME=CBI HREF=http://www.cbi.umn.edu/>
Charles Babbage Institute</A> (CBI),
Center for the History of Information Processing,
University of Minnesota, USA.
Dedicated to the preservation of the
history of information processing.
See
<!29 May 02>
<A HREF=http://www.cbi.umn.edu/exhibits/>
exhibits</A> and
<!29 Jul 01>
<A HREF=http://www.cbi.umn.edu/iterations/>
<EM>Iterations:
An Interdisciplinary Journal of Software History</A></EM>,
launched in 2001.
<!--
<!20 Aug 98>
See also links to
<A HREF=http://www.cbi.umn.edu/webref.htm>
Web sites related to the history of information processing</A>,
<A HREF=http://www.cbi.umn.edu/movies.htm>
Hollywood and computers</A>, and
<A HREF=http://www.cbi.umn.edu/photo/cbi/gallery.htm>
photo gallery</A>.
Includes an
<A HREF=http://cbi.itdean.umn.edu/cbi/archives.htm>
archives collection</A> and
<A HREF=http://cbi.itdean.umn.edu/cbi/ohlist.htm>
list of oral histories</A>
(transcripts available by paper, disk and email for a charge).
See also
<A HREF=http://cbi.itdean.umn.edu/cbi/inv/maininv.htm>
finding aids</A> and
<A HREF=http://cbi.itdean.umn.edu/cbi/images/gallery.htm>
photo gallery</A>.
-->
<!10 Jun 95>
<!http://GN.Update.UU.SE:70/0/chp/org/eu/gb/ccs>
<!15 Jan 96><!5 Dec 96>
<!http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/>
<LI><!15 Mar 02>
<A NAME=CCS HREF=http://www.bcs.org/sg/ccs/>
Computer Conservation Society</A>, UK.
A co-operative venture between the
<A HREF=http://www.bcs.org.uk/>
British Computer Society</A> (BCS) and the
<A HREF=http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/>
Science Museum</A> in London.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<!--
The
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.cs.man.ac.uk/pub/CCS-Archive/ccsflyer.txt>
CCS</A> was constituted in September 1989
as a a
<!15 Jan 96>
<!http://www.bcs.org.uk/siggroup/siglist.htm>
<A HREF=http://www.bcs.org.uk/siggroup/sg08.htm>
BCS Specialist Group</A>.
Secretary: Tony Sale
<A HREF=mailto:%20t.sale@qufaro.demon.co.uk>
<EM>t.sale@qufaro.demon.co.uk</EM></A>.
Publishes
<!23 Jan 95>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.cs.man.ac.uk/pub/CCS-Archive/Resurrection/>
<EM>Computer Resurrection:
The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society</EM></A>.
ISSN 0958-7403.
See the
<!23 Jan 95>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.cs.man.ac.uk/pub/CCS-Archive/>
CCS Archive</A> including
<A HREF=#simulators>
computer simulators</A> at Manchester.
-->
<!1 Jun 95>
<!gopher://gopher.vortex.com/11/comp-hist>
<!2 Jan 96>
<!http://www.chac.org/chac/index.html>
<LI><!8 Sep 97>
<A NAME=CHAC HREF=http://www.chac.org/>
Computer History Association of California</A> (CHAC), USA.
Newsletters, archive materials, and other information and files.
See
<A HREF=http://www.chac.org/chhistpg.html>
History Pages</A>.
<LI><!10 Jun 95>
<A NAME=HCS HREF=http://www.cyberstreet.com/hcs/hcs.htm>
Historical Computer Society</A> (HCS), USA.
See a planned
<A HREF=http://www.cyberstreet.com/hcs/museum/museum.htm>
virtual computer history museum</A> including
<A HREF=http://www.cyberstreet.com/hcs/museum/chron.htm>
a chronology of computer history</A> from 3000BC and a
<A HREF=http://www.cyberstreet.com/hcs/museum/8080.htm>
virtual tour of microcomputer history</A>.
<LI><!21 Feb 02>
<A HREF=http://www.thocp.net/>
The History Of Computing Project</A> Foundation (THOCP),
The Netherlands. Founded April 2000.
See
<!19 Sep 02>
<A HREF=http://www.thocp.net/reference/museums.htm>
museums you should visit</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!13 May 99>
<A NAME=ICFCST HREF=http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/>
International Charity Foundation for History and Development of
Computer Science and Technique</A> (ICFCST), Kiev, Ukraine.
See
<A HREF=#EMCST>
virtual museum</A>.
<!5 Jan 99>
<!http://www.man.ac.uk/Science_Engineering/CHSTM/leo/>
<LI><!23 Jun 01>
<A HREF=http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/>
LEO Computers Society</A>, UK.
<!19 Sep 95>
<!http://www.man.ac.uk/Science_Engineering/CHSTM/nahc.htm>
<LI><!8 Jun 02>
<A NAME=NAHC
HREF=http://www.chstm.man.ac.uk/nahc/>
National Archive for the History of Computing</A>,
University of Manchester, UK.
Includes a
<!15 Jul 96>
<!http://www.man.ac.uk/Science_Engineering/CHSTM/contents.htm>
<!8 Jun 02>
<A HREF=http://www.chstm.man.ac.uk/nahc/catalogue.htm>
catalogue of manuscripts and further sources</A>.
</UL>
See also:
<UL>
<LI><!9 Jun 95>
<!http://grid.let.rug.nl/ahc/welcome.html>
<A NAME=AHC HREF=http://grid.let.rug.nl/ahc/>
Association for History and Computing</A> (AHC) which
holds
<!9 Jan 97>
<!http://grid.let.rug.nl/ahc/conf.html>
<!29 Jul 01>
<A HREF=http://grid.let.rug.nl/ahc/confer/>
annual conferences</A> and
published the
<!http://grid.let.rug.nl/ahc/journal.html>
<A HREF=http://grid.let.rug.nl/ahc/journal/>
History and Computing</A> journal.
<!--
<LI><!16 Nov 95>
<A HREF=http://www.directnet.com/history/>
<!http://www.history.la.ca.us/history/>
History Computerization Project</A> of the
Regional History Center, University of Southern California and
the Los Angeles City Historical Society, in cooperation with the
Conference of California Historical Societies.
-->
<LI><!7 Mar 96>
<A HREF=http://www.acm.org/acm50th/>
ACM 50th Anniversary Celebration</A> (1947-1997).
(See also <A HREF=http://www.acm.org/acm50th/homepage-txt.html>
text only page</A>).
<A HREF=http://www.acm.org/acm97/>
ACM97</A> - The Next 50 years of Computing.
San Jose, California, USA, 1-5 March 1997, including a
<A HREF=http://www.acm.org/acm97/conf/>
conference</A>.
Part of the 100 year journey of computing (1947-2047).
<LI><!24 Oct 97>
<A HREF=http://www.icomm.ca/tpug/>
Toronto PET Users Group</A> (TPUG), Canada.
The oldest Commodore computer club, founded in 1978.
Supports nearly all Commodore computers, including the PET,
SuperPET, CBM, Amiga, etc., and the COMAL, CP/M and GEOS environments.
<!7 Mar 99>
<!http://www.siconic.com/vcf/>
<LI><!18 Jul 01>
<A HREF=http://www.vintage.org/>
Vintage Computer Festival</A>, California, USA.
An annual event.
See
<!http://www.siconic.com/vcf/vcflinks.htm>
<A HREF=http://www.vintage.org/cgi-bin/links.pl>
links</A>.
</UL>
<A NAME=history>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">General historical information</H2>
<UL>
<!--
<!20 Nov 95>
<!http://web.kaleida.com/u/hopkins/arpanet/arpanet.html>
<!ARPANET Psiber Space, a visualisation of the
network of ARPANET IMPs (Interface Message Processors) in around 1986.>
-->
<LI><!22 Oct 99>
<A HREF=http://www.lucent.com/ideas/heritage/transistor/>
50 years of the transistor</A> (1997).
<LI><!17 Jan 00>
<A HREF=http://www.alanturing.net/>
AlanTuring.net</A>, the Turing Archive for the History of Computing.
See Alan Turing's
<A HREF=http://www.alanturing.net/archive/infopages/london1st.html>
Automatic Computing Engine</A> (ACE).
<LI><!15 Dec 97>
<A HREF=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/mr/BCPL.html>
BCPL</A>, a programming language designed by
<A HREF=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/mr/>
Martin Richards</A> in 1966.
<LI><!8 Sep 97>
<A HREF=http://www.isoc.org/internet-history/> A
Brief History of the Internet</A>
by Barry Leiner, Vinton Cerf <EM>et al.</EM>
from the
<A HREF=http://www.isoc.org/>
Internet Society</A>.
<LI><!20 Nov 95>
<A HREF=http://www.vir.com/Demo/tech/SterlingBrief.html> A
Brief History of the Internet</A> by Bruce Sterling.
<LI><!7 Mar 96>
<A HREF=http://www.ja.net/jnt-history.html> A
Brief History of the Joint Network Team (1979-1994)</A>,
developers of the
<A HREF=http://www.ja.net/>
JANET</A> academic network in the UK,
by Bob Cooper.
<LI><!10 Jul 95>
<A HREF=http://www.silkroad.com/net-history.html>
Brief History of Networking</A> - important dates, including
<A HREF=http://www.silkroad.com/net-history2.html>
telephones</A> and
<A HREF=http://www.silkroad.com/net-history2.html>
digital years</A>.
<LI><!12 Feb 97>
<A HREF=http://www.princeton.edu/~adam/R1/r1rpt.html> A
Brief History of the Rice Computer</A> (1959-1971).
<LI><!2 Aug 95>
<A HREF=http://chide.bournemouth.ac.uk/>
Centre for the History of Defence Electronics</A> (CHiDE),
Bournemouth University, UK.
Includes a planned
<!http://chide.bournemouth.ac.uk/chide2.html>
<!1 Jul 96>
<A HREF=http://chide.bournemouth.ac.uk/museum/museum.plan.html>
virtual museum</A> on
radar, sonar, communications and electronic counter-measures.
<LI><!20 Nov 95>
<A HREF=http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist.htm>
Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers</A>
by Ken Polsson.
<LI><!9 Feb 96>
<A HREF=http://www.best.com/~wilson/faq/chrono.html>
Chronology of Digital Computing Machines</A> (to 1952)
by Mark Brader.
<!LI><!21 Nov 95>
<!--
A HREF=http://online.guardian.co.uk/RETRIEVE,7,324,5823,0,1445,0.srch
Colossal contribution to the war effort,
an article on A HREF=#Bletchley Bletchley Park from the
A HREF=http://go2.guardian.co.uk/
Guardian OnLine</A>.
See also
A HREF=http://online.guardian.co.uk/RETRIEVE,7,307,5942,0,1445,0.srch
The future of history?.
-->
<LI><!19 Oct 99>
<A HREF=http://www.computerarchive.com/> The
Computer Archive</A> - the Weinreb collection.
<LI><!14 Jun 96>
<A HREF=http://succeed.edtech.vt.edu/Indexes/Computer%20Engineering.html>
Computer Engineering</A> section of the
<A HREF=http://www.nsf.gov/>
NSF</A>
<A HREF=http://succeed.edtech.vt.edu/>
SUCCEED Engineering Visual Database</A>, USA.
A good set of photographic and other pictorial resources.
<LI><!10 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://gn.update.uu.se:70/1s/chp>
Computer History Project</A>, Uppsala University, Sweden.
<!Some good historical photographs available.>
<LI><!26 Nov 97>
<A HREF=http://www.studyweb.com/computers/history.htm>
Computer Science: History of Computers</A> links from
<A HREF=http://www.studyweb.com/>
Study Web</A>.
<LI><!9 Feb 96>
<A HREF=http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/comp_hd.html>
Computers: History and Development</A> from
Jones Multimedia Encyclopedia.
<!1 Jul 96>
<!http://spot.colorado.edu/~rossk/history/radio.html>
<LI><!11 Aug 96>
<A HREF=http://www.mediahistory.com/compute.html>
Computing</A> section of the
<A HREF=http://www.mediahistory.com/>
Media History Project</A> Connections Pages.
<LI><!23 Mar 98>
<A NAME=CSIRAC HREF=http://csirac.cs.latrobe.edu.au/csirac.htm>
CSIRAC: The Birth of Computing in Australia in 1949</A>,
including a
<A HREF=http://csirac.cs.latrobe.edu.au/chron.htm>
chronology</A>.
First stored-memory electronic computer in Australia (1949-1964).
See also
<A HREF=http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/pubs/guides/csirac/>
Guide to the Records of CSIRAC</A> incluidng a
<A HREF=http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/pubs/guides/csirac/csir_pho.htm>
photo gallery</A>.
<LI><!29 Jan 96>
<A HREF=http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/?dinosaurs+mating>
Dinosaurs mating</A> (humour) and
<A HREF=http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/f/>
other entries</A> from the
<A HREF=http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/>
Free On-line Dictionary of Computing</A> (FOLDOC).
<LI><!20 Sep 96>
<A HREF=http://piglet.cs.umass.edu:4321/~pop/pop_development.html> The
Early Development of POP</A> by
<A HREF=http://piglet.cs.umass.edu:4321/~pop/>
Prof. Robin Poppleston</A>.
<LI><!4 Aug 95>
<A HREF=http://bond.edu.au/Bond/Schools/IT/Foreign/Tommy/Manchester.html>
Early Years at Manchester University</A>, UK.
Includes information on and photographs of the
prototype for the Ferranti Mark I computer,
presented and authorized by Tommy Thomas.
<LI><!17 Oct 96>
<A HREF=http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/elab/> The
Electronic Labyrinth</A>,
a study of hypertext technology, including a
<A HREF=http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/elab/hfl0267.html>
time line</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!23 Jun 96>
<A HREF=http://www.softaid.net/emulate/eu/eu-18.shtml> An
Embedded History - Part 2</A> and
<A HREF=http://www.softaid.net/emulate/eu/eu-25.shtml>
Part 3</A> from
<A HREF=http://www.softaid.net/emulate/eu/newsltr.html>
Embedded Update electronic newsletter</A> on embedded systems.
<LI><!10 Mar 03>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
<A HREF="http://users.tpg.com.au/jonbar/">
English Electric Deuce Computer 1 manuals</A>
by John Barrett.
<LI><!3 Nov 98>
<A HREF=http://www.pretext.com/mar98/features/story2.htm> The
First Email Message</A> sent by Ray Tomlinson (1972).
<LI><!18 Jun 98>
<A HREF=http://www.iinet.net.au/~dgreen/>
First Generation Computers</A>, including the Bendix G-15 (1956).
<LI><!8 Jul 98>
<A HREF=http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/events/anniversaries/40th/>
Forty Years On: An Anniversary Volume</A> (1957-1997),
Department of Computing, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,
edited by Barry Hodgson and
<A HREF=#Randell>
Brian Randell</A>.
<LI><!10 Apr 03>
<IMG ALT="!" SRC="http://www.w3.org/Icons/WWW/new" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=5>
<A HREF="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/computerhistory.html">
Greatest moments of computer history are speeding up</A>.
Omega Point expected around 2040!
<LI><!22 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.cs.uregina.ca/~bayko/cpu.html>
Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present</A> by
<A HREF=http://www.cs.uregina.ca/~bayko/>
John Bayko (Tau)</A>.
This guide covers unique and representative designs from the
beginning in the early 1970s until now.
<!--
(Also in a possibly older version
<A HREF=http://infopad.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/archive/cpu_history.html>
here</A>.)
-->
<LI><!3 Nov 98>
<A HREF=http://www.pretext.com/mar98/> The
Hidden History of the Internet</A>,
<A HREF=http://www.pretext.com/>
Pretext Magazine</A>, March 1998.
<LI><!14 Jun 96><!12 Feb 97>
<A HREF=http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/>
History of Computing Information</A> including
the ENIAC and
<!1 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://ftp.arl.mil/ftp/historic-computers/>
Historic Computer Images</A> collected by
<A HREF=http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/>
Mike Muuss</A>.
<LI><!8 Jan 97>
<A HREF=http://www.swan.ac.uk/compsci/AllStaff/JVTmore/Teaching/HistoryOfComputation.html>
History of Computation</A> course by
Prof. John Tucker, Department of Computer Science,
University of Wales Swansea.
<LI><!9 Feb 96>
<A HREF=http://www2.ncsu.edu/eos/service/bae/www/courses/bae221/jeff/comp_hist.html>
History of Computers</A> course material from
North Carolina State University, USA.
(No hyperlinks.)
<!9 Jan 97>
<!http://www.computer.org/50/history/index.htm>
<LI><!16 Apr 98>
<A HREF=http://www.computer.org/50/>
History of Computing</A>
from the
<A HREF=http://www.ieee.org/>
IEEE</A>
<A HREF=http://www.computer.org/>
Computer Society</A>.
See
<A HREF=http://www.computer.org/50/history/>
Events in the History of Computing</A> by year,
including many images and photographs,
the
<!4 Feb 97>
<A HREF=http://www.computer.org/pubs/computer/timeline/>
Timeline of Computer History</A>
(68 page 1.5 Mbyte
<A HREF=http://www.computer.org/pubs/computer/timeline/timeline.pdf>
PDF format file</A>) and
<A HREF=http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~janlee/>
J.A.N. Lee</A>'s
<!16 Apr 98>
<A HREF=http://www.computer.org/50/looking/>
looking.back</A> column.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://calypso.cs.uregina.ca/Lecture/>
<LI><!19 Jan 96>
<A HREF=http://www.cs.uregina.ca/~hoyle/Lecture/>
History of Computing</A>.
A lecture prepared by Michelle Hoyle for an introductory Computer
Science class about the history of computing devices, starting
from the development of computing and progressing through to
the late 1980s. Includes colour slides.
<LI><!9 Feb 96>
<A HREF=http://bang.lanl.gov/video/sunedu/computer/comphist.html> The
History of Computing at Los Alamos</A> including the
<A HREF=http://bang.lanl.gov/video/sunedu/computer/z1z4.html>
Z1 to Z4</A> computers designed by
<A HREF=http://bang.lanl.gov/video/sunedu/computer/zuse.html>
Konrad Zuse</A>.
<!11 Jun 95><!26 Sep 96>
<!http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/dcs/research/history.html>
<LI><!3 Feb 98>
<A HREF=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~hoc/>
History of Computing Research Group</A>,
<A HREF=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/>
Department of Computer Science</A>,
University of Warwick by
<A HREF=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/pub/people/staff/mck/>
Martin Campbell-Kelly</A> <EM>et al</EM>.
See also
<!12 Mar 97>
<A HREF=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/pub/research/history.html>
research outline</A>.
<LI><!10 Jun 95>
<A NAME=Randell HREF=http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/~brian.randell/home.informal/History/>
History of Computing</A> list of publications by
<A HREF=http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/~brian.randell/>
Prof. Brian Randell</A>.
<LI><!9 Jun 95>
<!http://info.cs.vt.edu/~history/index.html>
<A HREF=http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/> The
History of Computing</A>, an index of on-line resources by
<!http://ei.cs.vt.edu/vitae/Lee.html>
<!http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~janlee/Janlee.html>
<!14 Jun 96>
<A HREF=http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~janlee/>
John A. N. Lee</A>, Editor-in-Chief of the
<A HREF=#IEEE>
<EM>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</EM></A>.
See
<!9 Jan 97>
<A HREF=http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/TMTCTW.html>
The Machine That Changed the World</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!12 Feb 97><!25 Nov 00>
<A HREF=http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/hc.html>
History of Computing</A>
<A HREF=http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/history/>
links</A> by
<A HREF=http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/>
Horst Zuse</A>,
son of the computer pioneer
<!http://www.zib-berlin.de/Prospect/zuse.html>
<A HREF=#Zuse>
Konrad Zuse</A>.
<!30 Oct 96>
<!http://merchant.reading.ac.uk/Teaching/3CS6Y.htm#History>
<!1 Dec 97>
<!http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cs/jaowww/web/teaching/3cs6y.htm#History>
<!--
<LI><!3 Feb 98>
<A HREF=http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cs/jaowww/web/teaching/masi/3cs6y.htm#History>
History of computing: the first 130 years</A>
from a course on
<A HREF=http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cs/teaching/units.html#3/CS/6Y>
Management and Social Impact of IT</A> by
<A HREF=http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cs/people/jao/home.html>
John Ogden</A>, University of Reading, UK.
-->
<LI><!21 Sep 02>
<A HREF=http://www.smileydictionary.com/history.html>
History of Emoticons</A> from the
<A HREF=http://www.smileydictionary.com/>
Official Smiley Dictionary</A>.
<LI><!17 Nov 97>
<A HREF=http://www.cs.su.oz.au/Handbook/hb.3.history.html>
History of the Department</A>, Basser Computing Laboratory,
University of Sydney, Australia.
Includes the SILLIAC computer.
<LI><!13 Apr 96>
<A HREF=http://www.pacsci.org/public/exhibits_online/webmaze/WebHistory.html>
History of the Internet</A> from the
<A HREF=http://www.pacsci.org/>
Pacific Science Center</A>, USA.
<LI><!27 Aug 96>
<A HREF=http://www.pbs.org/internet/history/>
History of the Internet</A>, including an excellent timeline using
<A HREF=http://java.sun.com/> Java</A>,
part of
<A HREF=http://www.pbs.org/internet/>
Life on the Internet</A> by
<A HREF=http://www.pbs.org/>
PBS</A>, USA.
<LI><!3 Nov 98>
<A HREF=http://www.davesite.com/webstation/net-history.shtml> The
History of the Internet</A> by Dave Kristula.
<LI><!18 Oct 99>
<A HREF=http://inventors.about.com/education/sciphys/inventors/library/blcoindex.htm> The
History of Modern Computers and their Inventors</A> by Mary Bellis.
<LI><!3 Jun 96>
<A HREF=http://www.par.univie.ac.at/literature/parallel_history.html>
History of Parallel Computing</A>.
Chronology of major developments in parallel computing and
supercomputing.
<LI><!24 Mar 98>
<A HREF=http://republic.perl.com/history.html>
History</A> of the
<A HREF=http://www.perl.com/>
Perl</A> programming langugae.
<LI><!17 Aug 98>
<A HREF=http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mader/delta/> The
History of Project Delta</A>, high school computing
in the 1960's and 70's, Delaware, USA.
<LI><!4 Aug 95>
<!http://info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html>
<!8 Sep 97>
<A HREF=http://www.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html>
Hobbes' Internet Timeline</A>
- important Internet dates and statistics.
<LI><!4 Mar 99>
<A HREF=http://reality.sgi.com/daveb/IBM1620/>
IBM 1620 history site</A>.
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://www.computer.org/history/history.htm>
<LI><!7 Jul 98>
<A NAME=IEEE HREF=http://www.computer.org/history/>
IEEE Computer Society: A History</A>, USA.
Publishers of the
<!http://www.computer.org/pubs/annals/annals.htm>
<!7 Jul 98>
<A NAME=Annals HREF=http://www.computer.org/annals/>
<EM>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</EM></A> journal.
<!9 Jan 97>
Founded by 1946, the society celebrated its
<!http://www.computer.org/50/index.htm>
<!7 Jul 98>
<A HREF=http://www.computer.org/50/>
50th anniversary</A> in 1996.
<!http://www.computer.org/history/photos/>
<LI><!17 Nov 97>
<A HREF=http://cmp-rs.music.uiuc.edu/history/illiac.html>
ILLIAC I</A>, University of Illinois, USA.
Includes information on the history of computer music.
<LI><!21 Feb 02>
<A HREF=http://www.bozdoc.f2s.com/history.htm>
i-MB: The History of Computing</A>, 1937-2000 by period/year.
The main events in the history of computing.
(More information for recent years.)
<!4 Aug 95>
<!LI><!20 Nov 95>
<!http://www.thames.com/history.html>
<!Internet History>
<!- a brief list of important dates.>
<LI><!8 Sep 97>
<A HREF=http://www.archive.org/> The
Internet Archive</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
See the <A HREF=#WWW>
WWW History Project</A>.
<LI><!25 Nov 00>
<A NAME=Zuse HREF=http://www.zib.de/zuse/English_Version/>
Konrad Zuse Internet Archive</A>.
(Also
<A HREF=http://www.zib.de/zuse/>
in German</A>.)
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!10 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.apollo.co.uk/a/Lexikon/>
Lexikon Services Publishing "History of Computing"</A>.
An electronic 850 page encyclopedia on diskette. Includes
<A HREF=http://www.apollo.co.uk/a/Lexikon/who-was-first.html>
A Brief Chronology of Historical Firsts in Computers</A> (1939-1981).
<LI><!10 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www8.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/html/lisp-enter.html>
Lisp History</A>.
<LI><!3 Feb 01>
<A HREF=http://www.livinginternet.com/>
LivingInternet.com</A>,
a comprehensive online reference source about the Internet.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!3 Jun 99>
<A HREF=http://www.llnl.gov/vcm/>
LLNL Computing: War Stories and Anecdotes</A>
including
<A HREF=http://www.llnl.gov/vcm/picthist.html>
Picture History of LLNL Computers</A> from the
<A HREF=http://www.llnl.gov/>
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</A>, California, USA.
<LI><!14 Mar 96>
<A HREF=http://uu-gna.mit.edu:8001/~napoli/LAMBDA/history.html>
Logic through History</A> - Aristotle to Von Neumann.
<!15 Mar 96>
<!http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/mark1/>
<LI><!19 Nov 97>
<!http://www.computer50.org/mark1/>
<A HREF=http://www.computer50.org/>
50th Anniversary of the First Stored-Program Computer</A>
(<NOBR>21 June 1998</NOBR>), the
<A HREF=http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/MarkI.html>
Manchester Mark 1 Computer</A>,
including a
<!http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/mark1/gallery.html>
<!http://www.computer50.org/mark1/gallery.html>
<A HREF=http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/mark1pic.html>
picture gallery</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://www.best.com/~thvv/multics.html>
<LI><!3 Nov 98>
<!http://www.multicians.org/multics.html>
<A HREF=http://www.multicians.org/>
Multics</A>.
An influential operating system,
begun in 1965 and still in use today.
See
<A HREF=http://www.multicians.org/history.html>
history</A>.
Also available
<A HREF=http://www.city.ac.uk/~sh392/multics/multics.html>
in the UK</A>.
<LI><!23 Jun 01>
<A HREF="http://murl.microsoft.com/">
Multi-University/Research Laboratory</A> talks at the
Computer Museum:
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="http://murl.microsoft.com/LectureDetails.asp?268">
Dawn of Electronic Computing, 1935-1945</A>,
Dr. Gordon Bell
(1/1/1996)
<LI>
<A HREF="http://murl.microsoft.com/LectureDetails.asp?269">
The First Computers, 1946-1950</A>,
Dr. Gordon Bell
(1/1/1996)
<LI>
<A HREF="http://murl.microsoft.com/LectureDetails.asp?271">
Stretch: The Technological Link Between Yesterday and Tomorrow</A>,
Dr. Gordon Bell
(1/1/1996)
<LI>
<A HREF="http://murl.microsoft.com/LectureDetails.asp?272">
Design and Use of Colossus</A>,
Dr. Tom Flowers
(10/15/1981)
<LI>
<A HREF="http://murl.microsoft.com/LectureDetails.asp?273">
Design and Use of Colossus (Part 2)</A>,
Dr. Tom Flowers
(10/15/1981)
</UL>
<LI><!23 Jan 96>
<A HREF=http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/past-women.html>
Past Notable Women of Computing</A> including
<A HREF=http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/ada-lovelace.html>
Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace</A> (1815-1852).
<LI><!22 Aug 01>
<A HREF=http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/Pegasus/>
Pegasus</A>, a vintage British computer,
first produced by Ferranti Ltd in 1956.
Information by
<A HREF=http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/staff/lavington.htm>
Prof. Simon Lavington</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!3 Nov 98>
<A HREF=http://www.pretext.com/mar98/features/story2.htm> The
Present at the Creation</A> of the ARPAnet, the precursor of the
Internet (1969).
<LI><!27 Feb 96>
<A HREF=http://www.lysator.liu.se:7500/c/index.html#history>
Programming in C: History</A>.
<!27 Jun 95>
<!http://www.liii.com/~softlord/comp.html>
<!16 Sep 96>
<!http://www.lightening.com/~softlord/comp.html>
<LI><!4 Sep 98>
<A HREF=http://www.softlord.com/comp/> A
Short History of the Computer</A> by Jeremy Meyers.
<LI><!7 Jun 99>
<A HREF=http://www.studyweb.com/computers/history.htm>
StudyWeb: Computer Science: History of Computers</A>
links from
<A HREF=http://www.studyweb.com/>
StudyWeb</A>.
<LI><!3 Jun 97>
<A HREF=http://www.ozemail.com.au/~bconlon/>
Totalisator History</A> - an Australian achievement.
<LI><!27 Aug 96>
<A HREF=http://www.pbs.org/nerds/>
Triumph of the Nerds</A>, a
<A HREF=http://www.pbs.org/>
PBS</A> series, including a
<A HREF=http://www.pbs.org/nerds/timeline/index.html>
history of the computer</A> timeline.
<LI><!8 Jul 98>
<A HREF=http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cs/welcome/25th/>
Twenty-Five Years</A> (1971-1996),
Department of Computer Science, The University of Reading, UK.
<LI><!20 Sep 96>
<A HREF=http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/univac/>
UNIVAC<SUP>&reg;</SUP> Memories</A> -
history of UNIVAC 1100 series mainframes.
<LI><!3 Nov 98>
<A HREF=http://www.govtech.net/gtmag/1998/oct/untangling/untangling.shtm>
Untangling the Web</A> including a
<A HREF=http://www.govtech.net/gtmag/1998/oct/untangling/history.shtm>
Timeline of Hypertext</A> (3000BC-1996AD)
by David Aden and John Stanard.
<LI><!19 Nov 02>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
<A HREF=http://echo.gmu.edu/usenet/>
Usenet history</A> project</A> from
<A HREF=http://echo.gmu.edu/>
ECHO</A>: Exploring and Collecting History Online.
See also
<A HREF=http://www.vrx.net/usenet/history/>
some history</A> and
<A HREF=http://www.google.com/googlegroups/archive_announce_20.html>
20 Year Usenet Archive</A> from
<A HREF=http://group.google.com/>
Google Groups</A>.
<LI><!20 Aug 98>
<A HREF=http://www.dotpoint.com/xnumber/vintage.htm>
Vintage Calculators</A> from
<A HREF=http://www.dotpoint.com/xnumber/>
X-Number World of Calculators</A>.
<LI><!3 Nov 98>
<A HREF=http://www.open.ac.uk/thewebstory/> The
Webstory.com</A>.
UK BBC/Open University TV series, 1998.
<LI><!29 May 96>
<A HREF=http://www.peak.org/~wren/computer.html>
Why Computers are Computers</A>, a book by
<A HREF=http://www.peak.org/~wren/author.html>
David Rutland</A>, including
<A HREF=http://www.peak.org/~wren/excerpts.html>
excerpts</A> and some
<A HREF=http://www.peak.org/~wren/FAQ.html>
answers to FAQs</A>.
<LI><!8 Sep 97>
<A NAME=WWW HREF=http://www.webhistory.org/> The
World Wide Web History Project</A> by the
<A HREF=http://www.archive.org/>
Internet Archive</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
<!--
The
<A HREF=http://www.amdahl.com/internet/events/inet25.html>
Internet</A> and
-->
<A HREF=http://www.amdahl.com/internet/events/unix25.html>
WWW Hot Topics:
Unix</A>
25th Anniversary in 1994.
<!--
Both were started in 1969.
See also
<!20 Nov 95>
<!A HREF=gopher://ejde.math.unt.edu/00/pub/articles/arpanet.txt>
deinstallation</A>.
-->
</UL>
<A NAME=museums>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">Computer-related museums</H2>
<OL>
<LI><!13 Dec 95>
<A HREF=http://www.compustory.com/>
American Computer Museum</A>, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
<LI><!19 Sep 02>
<A HREF=http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/>
American University Computing History Museum</A>, Washington DC, USA.
<!7 Feb 96>
<!http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/CCC/BPark/>
<!19 Nov 97>
<!http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/ccc/bpark/>
<LI><!29 Jul 01>
<A NAME=Bletchley HREF=http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/>
Bletchley Park Trust</A>, near Milton Keynes, UK.
"Britain's Best Kept Secret."
See
<A HREF=http://www.retrobeep.com/>
Computer Museum</A>.
See also
<A HREF=http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/>
Codes and Ciphers in the Second World War</A> by Tony Sale
and the
<!13 Apr 03>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
<A HREF="http://www.jharper.demon.co.uk/bombe1.htm">
British Bombe rebuild project</A>.
<!--
See
<A HREF=http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/ccc/bpark/morebpark.htm>
what you can see and do</A>
including the Germany Enigma and Lorenz Cipher machines, the
<!http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/CCC/BPark/colossus>
<A HREF=http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/ccc/bpark/colossus.htm>
Colossus Rebuild Project</A>
(with photographs).
<!http://www.aston.ac.uk/~bristojr/bletpark.html>
-->
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<!10 Jun 95>
<!http://granite.sentex.net/~ccmuseum/>
<LI><!20 Nov 97>
<A HREF=http://www.sentex.net/ccmuseum/>
Commercial Computing Museum</A> (Commputerseum), Ontario, Canada.
Dedicated to the acquisition, preservation, and exhibition of
artifacts and memorabilia from the commercial use of electronic,
digital computers. Includes a list of
<A HREF=http://www.sentex.net/ccmuseum/hist_sites.html>
Computer History Web Sites</A>.
<! Due to open April 1996.>
<!4 Mar 99>
<!http://www.tcm.org/html/history/>
<LI><!29 May 02>
<A HREF=http://www.computerhistory.org/> The
Computer History Museum</A>, Moffett Field, California, USA.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!2 Mar 95><!8 Jun 02>
<A NAME=TCM HREF=http://www.tcm.org/tcm/tcm.html> The
Computer Museum</A>, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
<!-- The world's foremost museum dedicated to computers, -->
<!http://www.tcm.org/tcm/collections/history.html>
Started by
<!23 Jun 01>
<A HREF=http://americanhistory.si.edu/csr/comphist/olsen.html>
Ken Olsen</A>, ex-president of
<!http://www.digital.com/>
<!8 Jun 02>
<A HREF=http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/dec.html>
Digital Equipment Corporation</A>.
Part of the
<!23 Jun 01>
<A HREF=http://www.mos.org/>
Museum of Science</A> since 1999.
<!--
<!http://www.net.org/tcm/exhibits/> <!exhibits>
<A HREF=http://www.tcm.org/is/WhatIsInternet.html>
Internet Sampler</A>, the
<A HREF=http://www.tcm.org/is/GoTo/GoWWW.html>
World Wide Web</A>, and a
<!23 Nov 95>
<A HREF=http://www.tcm.org/tcm/uc/index.html>
walk-through computer</A>.
<!11 Jul 97>
A
<A HREF=http://www.tcm.org/info/press/wpr-silvalley.html>
History Center</A> is to be established in Silicon Valley, California.
-->
<!28 Jun 96>
<!http://www.wins.uva.nl/museum/>
<LI><!8 Jun 02>
<A HREF=http://www.science.uva.nl/museum/>
Computer Museum</A>, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Specializes in scientific and industrial computing.
Includes electronic calculators, analog computers,
core memory and paper tape.
<LI><!20 Oct 95>
<A HREF=http://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.html>
Computer Museum</A>,
Department of Computer Science,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
<!-- School of Engineering and Applied Science, -->
<!--
Various computer-related artifacts, both historical and modern,
from the personal collection of Professor Bill Wulf.
(Large images.)
-->
<LI><!9 Jan 97>
<A HREF=http://www.computer-museum.org/>
Computer Museum of America</A>, Coleman College,
La Mesa, San Diego, California, USA.
See
<A HREF=http://www.computer-museum.org/list.html>
sample collections</A> and
<A HREF=http://www.computer-museum.org/slides/slides.html>
The Evolution of Computing</A> slide show.
<!--
<LI><!20 Aug 98>
<A HREF=http://www.cbi.umn.edu/photo/cbi/cray/craymuse.htm> The
Cray Computer Museum</A>, Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, USA.
(Now dismantled.)
-->
<LI><!29 May 02>
<A HREF=http://www.digibarn.com/> The
DigiBarn Computer Museum</A>, California, USA.
<!--
<LI><!10 Mar 00>
<A HREF=http://www.ec-museum.org/>
Euporean Computer Museum</A>.
(Currently in Spanish only.)
-->
<LI><!6 Feb 99>
<A HREF=http://www.hnf.de/>
Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum</A>, Paderborn, Germany.
See
<A HREF=http://www.hnf.de/museum/>
computer museum</A>.
(In German.)
<!--
<LI><!10 Dec 94>
<A HREF=http://www.osc.on.ca/Exhibits/info-highway.html>
Information Highway</A> exhibition, at the
<A HREF=http://www.osc.on.ca/>
Ontario Science Centre</A>, Toronto, Canada.
-->
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
<A NAME=Intel HREF=http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/museum/> The
Intel Museum</A>, Santa Clara, California, USA.
Micro-chips, from the company who manufactured the
<!7 Jul 98>
<A HREF=http://www.intel.com/education/mpuworks/>
first microprocessor</A> in 1971.
<!--
<LI><!14 Jun 96>
<A HREF=http://www.netaxs.com/people/aca3/COMPUTER.HTM> The
Lost Museum of Sciences</A>
Computer Exhibit.
-->
<LI><!12 Sep 97>
<A HREF=http://www.microsoft.com/museum/>
Microsoft Museum</A>.
(Warning: may crash
<A HREF=http://www.netscape.com/>
Netscape</A> browsers! ;-)
<!23 Sep 96>
<!http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~hlayer/computer.history.mm.html>
<!8 Sep 97>
<!http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~hlayer/mmm.html>
<!--
<! May 96>
<!http://www.lirmm.fr/~dubois/musee.html>
<!Le Mus&eacute;um d'Histoire Naturelle Informatique>
(In French.)
-->
<!17 Jun 97>
<!http://www.chez.com/samurai/>
<LI><!7 Mar 00>
<A HREF=http://mo5.com/>
Mus&eacute;e d'Histoire Informatique</A> (Computer History Museum).
A virtual museum on personal computers from 1978 onwards,
by Philippe Dubois.
See also the
<A HREF=http://www.pong-story.com/>
Pong story</A> on the first video game.
(In French.)
<!17 Jun 97>
<!http://museu.scue.uevora.pt/>
<LI><!26 Jan 98>
<A HREF=http://www.museu.uevora.pt/>
Museu Virtual da Inform&aacute;tica</A>, Portugal.
A virtual museum including
<A HREF=http://www.museu.uevora.pt/museu.html>
a number of computers</A> such as the
<A HREF=http://www.museu.uevora.pt/eniac1.html>
ENIAC</A>.
(Mostly in Portuguese.)
<LI><!16 May 97>
<A HREF=http://www.museumcomputer.org/>
Museum of Computer Technology</A>, Denver, Colorado, USA.
<!1 Jun 95>
<!http://www.teleport.com/~dgh/hpmuseum.html>
<LI><!27 Oct 98>
<A HREF=http://www.hpmuseum.org/>
Museum of HP Calculators</A> (MoHPC).
<A HREF=http://www.hpmuseum.org/rpn.htm#learn>
Learn</A> about
<A HREF=http://www.hpmuseum.org/rpn.htm>
reverse Polish notation</A>!
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<!--
<LI><!6 Jan 95>
<A HREF=http://www.isoc.org/museum.html>
Museum of the Internet</A>, from the
<A HREF=http://www.isoc.org/>
Internet Society</A>. Under development!
See also the
<!17 May 95>
<A HREF=http://www.stupi.se/Internauts/index/internauts.html>
Internauts Gallery</A>.
-->
<LI><!3 Mar 98>
<A HREF=http://www.tno.nl/instit/fel/museum/museumen.html>
Museum "Waalsdorp"</A>, The Netherlands.
See
<A HREF=http://www.tno.nl/instit/fel/museum/computer/compindx_en.html>
computer history</A>
of the <A HREF=http://www.tno.nl/>TNO</A>
Physics and Electronics Laboratory since 1927.
Supercomputers, minicomuters, etc., with many photographs.
(In Dutch and some English.)
<LI><!15 Apr 98>
<!http://www.nsa.gov:8080/museum/>
<A HREF=http://www.nsa.gov/museum/>
National Cryptologic Museum</A>,
<A HREF=http://www.nsa.gov/>
National Security Agency</A>,
Maryland, USA.
See <A HREF=http://www.nsa.gov/museum/tour.html>
tour of exhibits</A>.
<LI><!9 Jan 97>
<!http://www.difi.unipi.it/museo/museo.html>
<A HREF=http://www.difi.unipi.it/museo/calcolat/mnsc.html>
National Museum of Computing Instruments</A>, Pisa, Italy.
Includes
<A HREF=http://www.difi.unipi.it/museo/calcolat/virtual/virtual.html>
QuickTime VR plugin movies</A>.
(In Italian.)
<LI><!16 May 97>
<A HREF=http://www.mnit.org.br/home-i.htm>
National Museum of Information Technology and Telecommunications</A>,
Bras&iacute;lia, Brazil.
<LI><!9 Jan 96>
<A HREF=http://www.hogia.se/pcmuseum/index.html>
Personal Computer Museum</A>, Stenungsund, Sweden.
In the Guinness Book of Records because of its collection
of 250 different personal computers.
<LI><!8 Jun 02>
<A HREF=http://www.osfn.org/ricm/>
Rhode Island Computer Museum</A>, USA.
<!--
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.tecc.co.uk/science_museum/>
Information Superhighway</A> exhibition,
held in 1995 at the
-->
<LI><!29 May 02>
<A HREF=http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/> The
Science Museum</A>, London, UK.
See
<!7 May 99>
<A HREF=http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/collections/themes/computing.html>
Computing and Information Technology</A> collection,
the
<A HREF=http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/galleries/computing.html>
Computing Then and Now</A>
gallery information
<!http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/galleries/topobj.html#Babbage>
<A HREF=http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/on-line/treasure/objects/babb2.htm>
Babbage's Calculating Engines, 1832-71</A> and the
<A HREF=http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/on-line/treasure/objects/ace2.htm>
Pilot ACE 1950</A>.
<!http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/images/babbage.gif>
<!17 Oct 95>
Alternatively, see the
recommended
<!http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/galleries/plan/2ndcomp.htm>
<A HREF=http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/on-line/treasure/plan/2ndcomp.htm>
Computing Then and Now</A> page from the
<!http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/galleries/topobj2.htm>
<A HREF=http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/on-line/treasure/plan/plan.htm>
Treasures of the Science Museum</A> on-line exhibit.
See also the recently acquired
<!16 Sep 96>
<A HREF=http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/review/phillips.htm>
Phillips Economic Hydraulic Computer</A>,
first demonstrated at the
<A HREF=http://www.lse.ac.uk/>
London School of Economics</A> in November 1949.
<LI><!4 Aug 95><!18 Oct 96>
<A HREF=http://www.si.edu/>
Smithsonian Institution</A>, Washington, USA.
<!http://www.si.edu/perspect/comphist/computer.htm>
<A HREF=http://www.si.edu/resource/tours/comphist/computer.htm>
Computer History</A>, including an
Information Age Tour, the collaborative
<A HREF=http://innovate.si.edu/>
Innovation Network</A>, and
oral/video history interviews with computing personalities.
See also
<!4 Oct 98>
<!http://educate.si.edu/scitech/carbons/start.html>
<A HREF=http://educate.si.edu/scitech/carbons/>
From Carbons to Computers</A> including links to
<A HREF=http://educate.si.edu/scitech/carbons/resources.html>
resources</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.thetech.org/>
Tech Museum of Innovation</A>, San Jose, California, USA.
Includes a
<!19 Jul 96>
<A HREF=http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/micro/>
microelectronics exhibit</A>.
<LI><!4 Aug 95>
<A HREF=http://www.telemuseum.se/>
Telemuseum</A>, Sweden.
History of telecommunications.
<LI>
<!19 Sep 02>
<A HREF=http://www.gateman.com/museum/> The
Topeka Computing Museum</A>, Kansas, USA.
<LI><!27 Nov 95>
<A HREF=http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~csclub/museum/homepage.html>
University of California at Davis Computer Science Museum</A>, USA.
Includes a
<A HREF=http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~csclub/museum/timeline.html>
timeline of computer history</A>.
<!--
<!10 Feb 95>
MIT Center for Educational Computing Initiatives
Virtual Museum. A prototype on-line multimedia museum.
-->
</OL>
<P>
<!14 Nov 95>
See also:
<UL>
<!14 Nov 95>
<!http://cbi.itdean.umn.edu/cbi/MUSEUMS.HTM>
<!--
<LI><!20 Aug 98>
<A HREF=http://www.cbi.umn.edu/museums.htm>
Museums with significant holdings of computer hardware</A>.
(Addresses only.)
<LI><!11 Jan 96>
<A HREF=http://www.pacificrim.net/~mckenzie/museum/oldies&goodies.html>
The School Museum</A> site, including a
<A HREF=http://www.pacificrim.net/~mckenzie/museum/list.html>
list of virtual museums</A> produced by schools and
<A HREF=http://www.pacificrim.net/~mckenzie/museum/resources.html>
resources</A> on
<A HREF=http://www.pacificrim.net/~mckenzie/museum/museums.html>
building a virtual museum</A>,
provided by
<A HREF=http://www.pacificrim.net/~mckenzie/>
From Now On</A>, The Educational Technology Journal.
See also an article on
<A HREF=http://www.pacificrim.net/~mckenzie/museum/muse.html>
Virtual Museums</A>.
-->
<!9 Jan 97>
<!http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/History/Museums/>
<LI><!23 Apr 01>
<A HREF=http://dir.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/History/Museums/>
Computer museums</A>
listed by
<A HREF=http://www.yahoo.com/>
Yahoo</A>.
</UL>
<P>
<!10 Jun 95>
<A NAME=exhibits>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">On-line exhibits and information</H2>
The following are virtual museums or exhibitions:
<UL>
<LI><!7 Mar 99>
<A HREF=http://www.applemuseum.seastar.net/> The
Apple Museum</A>.
<LI><!7 Mar 99>
<A HREF=http://www.pronet.no/sverre/poweron/museum.html> The
Apple / Macintosh Museum</A>.
<LI><!18 Apr 98> The
<A HREF=http://www.best.com/~hmk/atari.htm>
Atari Exhibit</A>.
<LI><!8 Sep 97>
<A HREF=http://www.mailcom.com/besm6/>
BESM-6 Nostalgia Page</A>.
Soviet mainframe computer.
<LI><!5 Feb 01>
<A HREF=http://www.gifford.co.uk/~coredump/uk101.htm>
Compukit UK101</A>.
Early UK microcomputer kit.
<!10 Jun 95>
<!http://www.cs.umd.edu/users/fms/comp/>
<!14 Jun 96>
<!--
<LI><A HREF=http://www.freeflight.com/fms/comp/>
Computers History and Emulation</A> for various computer systems.
Includes platforms, consoles, and CPUs.
-->
<LI><!10 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/pdp8/>
Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8</A> index.
<LI><!29 Nov 02>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
<A HREF=http://www.digitalmonalisa.com/>
Digital Mona Lisa</A>, 1965.
<!http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~aakera/www_eniac.html>
<LI><!10 Jun 95>
<A NAME=ENIAC HREF=http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~museum/>
Eniac Virtual Museum</A>,
School of Engineering and Applied Science,
University of Pennsylvania, USA.
Celebration of the 50th anniversary of ENIAC in 1996.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!13 May 99>
<A NAME=EMCST HREF=http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/museum/museum.html>
European Museum on Computer Science and Technology</A> in Ukraine
from <A HREF=#ICFCST> ICFCST</A>.
See the early
<A HREF=http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/museum/PHOTOS/BESM.html>
BESM</A>,
<A HREF=http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/museum/PHOTOS/MESM.html>
MESM</A> and
<A HREF=http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/museum/PHOTOS/SESM.html>
SESM</A>
computers.
(Also in Ukrainian and Russian.)
<LI><!4 Sep 98>
<A HREF=http://www.fee.co.uk/hall.htm>
Fee Computer Services Museum</A>, UK.
IBM systems of the 1960s and 1970s (360s and 370s).
<!9 Jan 97>
<!http://www.expa.hvu.nl/ajvdhek/mouse.htm>
<LI><!9 Oct 98>
<A HREF=http://www.expa.hvu.nl/ajvdhek/>
First Virtual Mousepad Museum</A>, The Netherlands.
<!--
See
<A HREF=http://www.expa.hvu.nl/ajvdhek/mousehis.htm>
mousepad history</A> and
<A HREF=http://www.expa.hvu.nl/ajvdhek/mousef.htm>
collection</A>.
-->
<LI><!7 Jul 98>
<A HREF=http://www.dg.com/about/html/generations.html>
Generations: Through the History of Computing</A>.
A virtual tour (1960-1996).
Transistors, integrated circuits,
<A HREF=http://www.dg.com/about/html/microprocessors.html>
microprocessors</A>, etc.
<!--
<LI><!25 Apr 96>
<A HREF=http://www.dg.com/features/generations/generations.html>
Generations: The Evolution of Computers</A>.
An exhibit presented by
<A HREF=http://www.dg.com/>
Data General Corporation,
<A HREF=#Intel>
Intel Museum</A> and
<A HREF=#TCM>
The Computer Museum</A>, including a
<A HREF=http://www.dg.com/features/generations/tour.html>
tour</A>.
Physical version at COMDEX Fall95, UniForum96 and SAPPHIRE96 in Vienna.
-->
<LI><!10 Jul 97>
<A HREF=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/computer_museum/>
German Web Computer Museum</A>
by Clemens Weller, Schw&auml;bisch Gm&uuml;nd, Germany.
Personal computers, printers, software, etc.
See
<A HREF=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/computer_museum/COLL_CW.HTM>
computer collections</A>.
(In German and English.)
<LI><!28 Apr 97>
<A HREF=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/students/technology/gramgate.htm>
George Graham and Bill Gates: A Study in Architectural Dominance</A>,
a virtual exhibition by Jonathan Sills (MSc student),
<A HREF=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/>
Museum of the History of Science</A>, Oxford, UK.
<!10 Jun 95>
<!http://pcsupp1.cc.rl.ac.uk/home/chris/hchof/>
<LI><!29 Nov 02>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
<A HREF=http://www.gondolin.org.uk/hchof/>
Home Computer Hall of Fame</A>.
<!-- Includes large pictures where available. -->
<LI><!20 Aug 98>
<A HREF=http://www.comcen.com.au/~adavie/javaslide/javaslide.html>
JavaSlide</A>: the WWW's very first Java Slide Rule.
<!14 Nov 95>
<!http://uptown.turnpike.net/~calc/Calc.html>
<LI><!19 Apr 96>
<A HREF=http://www.webcom.com/calc/>
Mechanical Calculating Machines</A>
by Erez Kaplan, who collects such machines.
Includes a chronological description, photographs, etc.
<LI><!7 Jan 98>
<A HREF=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~hl/mmm.html>
Mind Machine Web Museum</A>, a virtual computer history gallery by
<A HREF=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~hl/>
Hal Layer</A>.
Computers, calculators, games and artifacts.
<LI><!11 Jul 02>
<A HREF=http://piano.dsi.uminho.pt/museuv/>
Museu Virtual de Inform<72>tica</A>, Portugal.
(In Portuguese.)
<LI><!4 May 95>
<A HREF=http://www.ncsc.dni.us/fun/user/tcc/cmuseum/cmuseum.htm>
Obsolete Computer Museum</A>.
Don't throw away your old computer until you have taken a
photograph of it for this on-line museum.
<!2 Jun 95>
<!http://www.ccil.org/retro/retromuseum.html>
<LI><!24 Feb 98>
<A HREF=http://earthspace.net/retro/retromuseum.html> The
Retrocomputing Museum</A> by Eric Raymond and John Cowan.
Dedicated to
<A HREF=http://earthspace.net/retro/retromuseum.html#languages>
programming languages</A>,
<A HREF=http://earthspace.net/retro/retromuseum.html#emulators>
machine emulators</A>, computer games, etc.
Includes documentation and example programs.
<LI><!10 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.xs4all.nl/~rvtol/softmus.htm> The
Software Museum</A>, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Early disk software directory listings.
<LI><!12 Feb 98>
<A HREF=http://www.spreadpoint.com/museum.html>
Spreadpoint Virtual Museum of Computer Arts</A> and
<A HREF=http://www.spreadpoint.com/sp/the-demos.html>
Spreadpoint Demos Museum</A>.
Commodore Amiga computer demonstrations, etc.
<LI><!11 Sep 97>
<A HREF=http://www.syssrc.com/museum/index.html> The
System Source Computer Museum</A>.
Collection of personal computing devices and
<A HREF=http://www.syssrc.com/museum/sims/index.html>
simulation programs</A>.
<LI><!19 Sep 97>
<A HREF=http://w3.gwis.com/~polivka/994apg.html>
TI-99/4A Home Computer Page</A>.
<LI><!24 Feb 98>
<A HREF=http://www.toggle.com/museum/>
Toggle Software Mouse Museum</A> by Kevin Morton.
<LI><!3 Jun 96>
<A HREF=http://exo.com/~wts/wts10005.HTM> The
Virtual Altair Museum</A>.
<LI><!19 Nov 97>
<A HREF=http://www.computer50.org/kgill/> The
Virtual Museum of Manchester Computing</A>,
University of Manchester, UK.
Includes a (photographic)
<A HREF=http://www.computer50.org/kgill/machines/machines.html>
machine hall</A>
(featuring the
<A HREF=http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/MarkI.html>
Manchester Mark 1</A>)
and an excellent on-line
<A HREF=http://www.computer50.org/kgill/library/library.html>
library</A> presenting many historic publications
(e.g.,
<A HREF=http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/natletter.html>
<EM>Electronic Digital Computers</EM></A>,
a letter to
<A HREF=http://www.nature.com/>
Nature</A>, September 1948).
See also the
<A HREF=http://www.computer50.org/>
50th Anniversary of the First Stored-Program Computer</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!10 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/ellens/gender.html>
Women and Computer Science</A>.
</UL>
<P>
<!20 Nov 97>
<A NAME=personal>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">Personal collections</H2>
<UL>
<LI><!11 Mar 97>
<A HREF=http://www.quiknet.com/~abond/museum.html>
Aaron's Virtual Computer Museum</A> by
<A HREF=http://www.quiknet.com/~abond/>
Aaron Bond</A>.
Microcomputer collection, etc., with photographs.
<LI><!14 Sep 98>
<A HREF=http://users.pandora.be/lust/>
Belgian Web Microcomputer Museum</A> by Lucien Stevens, Belgium.
(In English and Dutch.)
See
<A HREF=http://users.pandora.be/lust/index1.htm>
collection</A> including many external links and also other
<A HREF=http://users.pandora.be/lust/verzamelaars.htm>
microcomputer collectors</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!26 Nov 97>
<A HREF=http://www.bolo.ch/>
Bolo's Computer Museum</A>, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Includes links to
<A HREF=http://www.bolo.ch/links.html>
other computer museums on the Web</A>.
<!5 Feb 96>
<!http://www.ultranet.com/~engelbrt/carl/museum/>
<LI><!3 Nov 98>
<A HREF=http://www.ultranet.com/~crfriend/museum/>
Carl Friend's Minicomputer Museum</A>.
Personal
<A HREF=http://www.ultranet.com/~crfriend/museum/inven.html>
collection</A> of mainly 16-bit minicomputers,
especially Data General and Digital.
<!5 Feb 96>
<!http://www.msn.fullfeed.com/~cube/collect.htm>
<!-- Collecting Old Computers -->
<!25 Jan 00>
<!http://members.home.net/thecomputercollection/>
<LI><!16 Dec 01>
<A HREF=http://webpages.charter.net/thecomputercollection/>
The Computer Collection</A>
by Jay Jaeger.
<A HREF=http://webpages.charter.net/thecomputercollection/collect.htm>
Virtual tour</A> of personal computer collection
including IBM, DEC (PDP), DG, HP, microcomputers, etc.
<LI><!2 Aug 95>
<A HREF=http://www.teleport.com/~prp/collect/>
Computer Collection</A> by Paul Pierce.
Presents a personal collection of historical computer equipment,
including mainframes and minicomputers (especially the PDP-8 family).
<!15 Jul 98>
<!http://www.netweb.hu/hamster/decadence/e_index.html>
<LI><!6 Aug 98>
<A HREF=http://www.telnet.hu/hamster/decadence/e_index.html>
DECadence</A>, a collection of Digital equipment by
<A HREF=http://www.telnet.hu/hamster/english.html>
Varga &Aacute;kos Endre</A>, Hungary.
See also
<A HREF=http://www.telnet.hu/hamster/pdp-11/>
PDP-11</A> history page and the
<!http://www.internetto.hu/muzeum/e_tpa.html>
<!10 Jan 00>
<A HREF=http://www.telnet.hu/hamster/tpa/e_index.html>
KFKI TPA series</A>, Hungarian DEC clone computers.
<LI><!8 Jun 02>
<A HREF=http://www.homecomputer.de/>
HCM: The Home Computer Museum</A>, Germany.
Includes eastern European home computers.
<LI><!20 Nov 97>
<A HREF=http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~miwa/>
John's Computer Collection</A>.
Mini and micro-computers.
<LI><!20 Nov 97>
<A HREF=http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/4462/my_computers.html>
Jonathan Marsters' Computers</A>.
Various microcomputers.
<!10 Aug 96>
<!http://www.ftech.net/~kevan/collection/>
<LI><!15 Jan 98>
<!http://staff.motiv.co.uk/~kevan/collection/>
<A HREF=http://www.heydon.org/kevan/collection/>
Kevan's Computer Bits...</A> by
<A HREF=http://www.heydon.org/kevan/>
Kevan Heydon</A>.
An excellent well-documented personal
<!http://www.ftech.net/~kevan/collection/items_all.html>
collection, including
<!http://www.ftech.net/~kevan/collection/items_computers.html>
<A HREF=http://www.heydon.org/kevan/collection/prod_computers.html>
computers, calculators, games and peripherals,
mostly with photographs.
See also
<A HREF=http://www.heydon.org/kevan/collection/other_collectors.html>
other collectors</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!20 Nov 97>
<A HREF=http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~miwa/>
Mike's Computer Museum</A>
by Michael Walder, UK.
PCs and non-PCs. See also
<A HREF=http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~miwa/other.html>
other computer collections</A>.
<LI><!17 Mar 98>
<A HREF=http://www.comcen.com.au/~adavie/slide/calculator/soviet.html>
Museum of Soviet Calculators</A>
by Andrew Davie, Sydney, Australia.
<LI><!8 Jun 02>
<A HREF=http://www.obsoletecomputermuseum.org/>
Obsolete Computer Museum</A>
by Tom Carlson, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA.
<!9 Dec 98>
<!http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7510/>
<!-- Home Page -->
<LI><!24 Nov 99>
<A HREF=http://www.geocities.com/oldcalculators/> The
Old Calculators Web Museum</A>
by Rick Bensene, USA.
See
<A HREF=http://www.geocities.com/oldcalculators/calcs.html>
collection</A> and
<A HREF=http://www.geocities.com/oldcalculators/links.html>
other calculator sites</A>.
<LI><!23 Feb 03>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
<A HREF="http://www.arcula.demon.co.uk/"> The
Old Computer Hut</A> by Tony Audsley, UK.
Well-presented personal collection of
PDP8s, peripherals and some micro-computers.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!29 May 02>
<A HREF=http://www.damer.com/pictures/elixir/products/star.html>
Personal Histories of the Desktop User Interface</A> by
Bruce Damer, USA.
Xerox Alto, Star 8010 System and Elixir Desktop.
<LI><!27 Jan 98>
<A HREF=http://www.proweb.co.uk/~sprog/>
Sprog's Computer Closet</A>
by Will Williams, UK. A
<A HREF=http://www.proweb.co.uk/~sprog/collection.htm>
collection</A> of early home computers.
<LI><!14 Dec 98>
<A HREF=http://mudhole.spodnet.uk.com/~majik/sinclair/>
Sinclair MicroComputer Museum</A> by
<A HREF=http://mudhole.spodnet.uk.com/~majik/>
Majik</A>.
<LI><!7 Mar 99>
<A HREF=http://home.interpath.net/tcopper/>
Tom's Classic Computers</A>
by Tom Copper, Roxboro, North Carolina, USA.
A large collection of home computers.
See
<A HREF=http://home.interpath.net/tcopper/clinks.htm>
computer links</A>.
<LI><!7 Mar 99>
<A HREF=http://www.sinasohn.com/clascomp/>
Uncle Roger's Classic Computers</A>
by
<A HREF=http://www.sinasohn.com/uncroger.htm>
Roger Louis Sinasohn</A>, San Francisco, California, USA.
Alphabetic listing of mainly home computers.
<LI><!2 Feb 01>
<A HREF=http://www.punch-card.co.uk/>
Webseen Ltd Computer Museum</A>
by John Atkinson.
</UL>
<P>
<A NAME=newsgroups>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">Selected newsgroups</H2>
<UL>
<LI><!14 Jan 98>
<A HREF=news:alt.folklore.computers>
Computer folklore</A>
(also
<!http://x1.dejanews.com/dnquery.xp?QRY=alt.folklore.computers>
<!29 Jan 01>
<A HREF=http://www.deja.com/dnquery.xp?QRY=alt.folklore.computers>
available via the Web</A>
from
<A HREF=http://www.deja.com/>
Deja.com</A>)
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<P>
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
<A HREF=news:comp.sys.apple2>Apple II</A>
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
<A HREF=http://www.digital.com/>
Digital</A> Equipment Corporation
<A HREF=news:*pdp*>
PDP series</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A HREF=news:alt.sys.pdp8>PDP8</A>
<LI><A HREF=news:alt.sys.pdp10>PDP10</A>
<LI><A HREF=news:alt.sys.pdp11>PDP11</A>
(see also <A HREF=news:vmsnet.pdp-11>here</A>)
</UL>
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
<A HREF=news:alt.sys.perq>
ICL PERQ</A>
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
<A HREF=news:comp.sys.sinclair>
Sinclair</A>
</UL>
<P>
See also:
<UL>
<!--
<LI>
All
<A HREF=news:comp.*>
computing newsgroups</A>.
-->
<!25 May 96>
<!http://www.mailbase.ac.uk/lists-f-j/history-of-computing-uk/>
<LI><!8 Jun 02>
<A HREF=http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/history-of-computing-uk.html>
History of computing in the UK</A> mailing list.
<!14 Jan 98>
<!http://x1.dejanews.com/dnquery.xp?QRY=computer+history>
<LI><!8 Jun 02>
Newsgroup articles on
<A HREF=http://groups.google.com/groups?q=computer+history>
computer history</A>,
<A HREF=http://groups.google.com/groups?q=computing+history>
computing history</A> and the
<A HREF=http://groups.google.com/groups?q=history+of+computing>
history of computing</A>
from
<!http://www.dejanews.com/>
<A HREF=http://groups.google.com/>
Google Groups</A>.
</UL>
<P>
<A NAME=simulators>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">Computer simulators</H2>
<UL>
<LI><!1 Jun 98>
<A NAME=PDP HREF=ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/DEC/sim/>
DEC PDP</A>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/DEC/sim/sources/>
simulator sources/documentation</A> and
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/DEC/sim/software/>
software</A> by
Bob Supnik.
See
<A HREF=http://www.digital.com/DTJN02/DTJN02HM.HTM>
Preserving Computing's Past: Restoration and Simulation</A>
by Maxwell M. Burnet and Robert M. Supnik.
<LI><!17 Aug 98>
<A HREF=http://www.dbit.com/>
Erstz-11 PDP-11 emulator</A> for MS-DOS PCs.
<A HREF=http://www.dbit.com/demo.html>
Free demo version</A> available for unlimited personal/hobby use.
See on-line
<A HREF=telnet://demo.dbit.com/>
RSX11M+</A> operating system demo.
<LI><!8 Sep 97>
<A HREF=http://www.uruk.org/~erich/emu/main.html>
Emulation Software R&amp;D WWW Page</A>.
Information on CPU and OS (Operating System) emulators.
<LI><!24 Feb 98>
<A HREF=http://earthspace.net/retro/retromuseum.html#emulators>
Emulators</A> from
<A HREF=http://earthspace.net/retro/retromuseum.html>
The Retrocomputing Museum</A>.
<LI><!23 Jan 96>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.cs.man.ac.uk/pub/CCS-Archive/simulators/>
Simulators of historic machines</A> in the
<A HREF=#CCS>CCS</A>
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.cs.man.ac.uk/pub/CCS-Archive/>
Archive</A> at Manchester, including
EDSAC, Pegasus, SSEM and Stantec-ZEBRA.
See
<A HREF=ftp://ftp.cs.man.ac.uk/pub/CCS-Archive/simulators/00readme.txt>
overview</A>.
<LI><!11 Sep 97>
<A HREF=http://www.syssrc.com/museum/sims/index.html>
Simulation programs</A> from the
<A HREF=http://www.syssrc.com/museum/index.html>
System Source Computer Museum</A> including
<A HREF=http://www.syssrc.com/museum/calccomp/pong/java/pong.html>
Java Pong</A>
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
and IMSAI / Altair emulators (for PCs).
<P>
<LI><!3 Jun 96>
<A HREF=http://www.nwlink.com/~tigger/altair.html>
Altair and IMSAI emulators</A> (for PC/Windows) by
<A HREF=http://www.nwlink.com/~tigger/>
Michael Hyman</A>.
<LI><!12 Feb 98>
<A HREF=http://www.freiburg.linux.de/~uae/>
Amiga Emulator</A>.
UAE Commodore Amiga software emulation.
<LI><!8 Sep 97>
<A HREF=http://www.mailcom.com/besm6/emulnews.shtml>
BESM-6 Emulator News</A>.
Soviet mainframe computer.
<LI><!24 Nov 97>
<!http://www.ug.cs.su.oz.au/~csir1/intro.html>
<A HREF=http://www.ug.cs.su.oz.au/~csir1/>
CSIRAC</A> graphical on-line
<A HREF=http://www.ug.cs.su.oz.au/~csir1/FINAL/INPUT/simulate.html>
simulator</A> written in
<A HREF=http://www.javasoft.com/>
Java</A>,
the
<A HREF=#CSIRAC>
first stored-memory electronic computer in Australia</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<!23 Jan 96>
<!http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~mck/EdsacWWW/MacEdsac.html>
<LI><!2 Feb 98>
<A HREF=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/>
EDSAC Simulator</A> (for PC and Macintosh) by
<A HREF=http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~mck/>
Martin Campbell-Kelly</A>.
<!22 Apr 99>
See also
<A HREF=http://thor.cam.ac.uk/group/CST1b/echo/>
Group Echo</A> and
<A HREF=http://thor.cam.ac.uk/group/CST1b/india/>
Group India</A>
EDSAC Java applet simulators produced by students at
<A HREF=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/>
Cambridge</A> for the
<A HREF=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/UoCCL/misc/EDSAC99/>
50th EDSAC anniversary</A> in 1999.
<LI><!17 Aug 98>
<A HREF=http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mader/delta/downloadrsts.html>
RSTS/E</A> operating system simulator for
<A HREF=#PDP>
PDP-11s</A> from
<A HREF=http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mader/delta/>
Project Delta</A>.
<LI><!3 Feb 98>
<A HREF=http://www2.informatik.uni-halle.de/~thurm/z3/>
Zuse's Z3 Computer</A>
<A HREF=http://www2.informatik.uni-halle.de/~thurm/z3/simulation.html>
simulation</A> (in German, online using Java).
Off-line version also available.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<LI><!12 Feb 97>
Another
<A HREF=http://infturing.informatik.uni-halle.de/~rojas/z3/>
Z3 Computer</A> simulation.
</UL>
<P>
<!98 Jun 01>
See also:
<UL>
<LI><!98 Jun 01>
<A HREF=http://jfrace.sourceforge.net/>
JFraCE</A>, a Java Framework for Computer Emulation
for simulating old computers.
<LI><!98 Jun 01>
<A HREF=http://jfrace.sourceforge.net/appletCPM.html>
Z80 CP/M microcomputer</A> example applet.
<LI><!9 Jun 02>
<A HREF=http://www.dejavu.org/>
Deju Vu Browser Emulators</A>.
All your favorite old web browsers!
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
</UL>
<P>
<A NAME=future>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">The future</H2>
This section includes information on the future of computing
and networking.
<UL>
<LI><!12 Jul 95>
In the future, charging for services with become routine on the
network. The
<A HREF=http://www.ini.cmu.edu/netbill/>
NetBill Electronic Commerce Project</A> at
Carnegie-Mellon University
includes links to many experiments in the area.
See also
<A HREF=http://birmingham.gov.uk/bank>
BankNet Electronic Banking Service</A>.
<P>
<LI><!8 Mar 96>
Increasingly interactive Web pages will become available.
To facilitate this,
<A HREF=http://java.sun.com/> Java</A> support
has been introduced into the recent WWW browsers like
<A HREF=http://home.netscape.com/>
<EM>netscape</EM></A>.
For an excellent example, see the
<A HREF=http://www.npac.syr.edu/projects/vishuman/VisibleHuman.html>
NPAC Visible Human Viewer</A>. This allows user selectable image
slices of a human body.
<P>
<!18 Nov 96>
<!http://www.zurich.ibm.com/News/Abacus/>
<LI><!14 Dec 01>
<A HREF=http://www.research.ibm.com/atomic/nano/roomtemp.html>
The world's smallest abacus</A> uses individual molecules.
<!--
(13 November 1996).
See an
<A HREF=http://www.zurich.ibm.com/News/Abacus/abacusmv.html>
animation</A>.
-->
<P>
<LI><!15 Oct 97>
<A HREF=http://www.gigabit-ethernet.org/>
Gigabit Ethernet</A> networking.
<P>
</UL>
<A NAME=other>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">Other links</H2>
<UL>
<LI><!1 Jun 95>
<!http://www.yahoo.com/Computers/History/>
<A HREF=http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/History/>
Computers and Internet: History</A> list
including other
<!18 Jul 96>
<A HREF=http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/History/Museums/>
museums</A>
from
<A HREF=http://www.yahoo.com/>
Yahoo</A>.
<!3 Dec 96>
<!http://www2.evolvingtech.com/etc/museum/>
<LI><!8 Jan 03>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
<A HREF=http://www.evolvingtech.com/etc/museum/>
ETC Web Museum</A>, including a
<A HREF=http://www.evolvingtech.com/etc/museum/qtvr.html>
VR Hall</A>.
<LI><!3 Jun 99>
<!http://search.ebay.com/cgi-bin/texis/ebay/results.html?query=computer&maxRecordsReturned=1000&maxRecordsPerPage=100&SortProperty=MetaEndSort>
<!http://listings.ebay.com/glistings/list/category1247/index.html>
<A HREF=http://listings.ebay.com/glistings/list/category1247/>
Vintage computers</A> for sale from
<A HREF=http://www.ebay.com/>
eBay</A>.
<P>
</UL>
<P>
<HR>
<H2 CLASS="list">References</H2>
This virtual museum is mentioned in the following locations:
<UL>
<LI><!29 Feb 96>
<A HREF=#Annals>
<EM>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</EM></A>,
<B>18</B>(1):65, Spring 1996.
Also
<!13 Nov 96>
<B>18</B>(4):67, October-December 1996.
<P>
<LI><!27 Feb 96>
<!A HREF=http://www.pointcom.com/>
<!ftp://pointcom.com/badges/5percsmt.gif>
<!IMG SRC=http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/5percsmt.gif ALIGN=right
ALT="Top 5% Web Site" BORDER=5 WIDTH=52 HEIGHT=51>
<!http://www.pointcom.com/reviews/2_19_a15.htm>
<!25 Jun 97>
<!http://point.lycos.com/reviews/MuseumsandGalleries_3327.html>
Reviewed by
<!23 Sep 96>
<A HREF=http://point.lycos.com/categories/>
Lycos</A>
<!Point Communications review>
as a top 5% Web site.
<P>
<LI><!20 Nov 95>
<!http://www.discovery.com/DCO/doc/1012/world/technology/internet/weblinks.html>
Recommended by the
<A HREF=http://www.discovery.com/> Discovery Channel</A> in
<!http://www.discovery.com/DCO/doc/1012/world/living/living.html>
<EM>A History of the Internet</EM>, 1995.
<P>
<!29 May 96>
<!Recommended in the>
<!http://www.magg.net/~futurekd/hwork.html>
<!Home Work page of>
<!http://www.magg.net/~futurekd/>
<!FutureKids School Technology Programs>
<LI><!25 Oct 96>
<A HREF=http://www.newscientist.com/>
Planet Science</A> Site of the Day, 21 October 1996.
<P>
<LI><!26 Jan 98>
<!http://www.iglou.com/bluegrass/bsa/bsa.html#computers>
Best Site Award from
<!http://www.iglou.com/bluegrass/bsa/>
Bookmark Central, January 1998.
<P>
<!9 Apr 98>
<!http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/science/sites/tech_10.shtml>
<LI><!16 Jul 01>
<A HREF=http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/curriculum/reviews/review_virtmuscomp.html>
Reviewed</A>
<!http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/science/approved_tech.shtml>
by
<A HREF=http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/>
Science NetLinks</A>, May 1998.
<P>
<LI><!20 Jan 99>
<!http://www.anbar.co.uk/coolsite/computing/areas/computing-milieux.htm>
5 star site under Computing Milieux
from
<A HREF=http://www.anbar.co.uk/>
<!anbar.htm>
Anbar Electronic Intelligence</A>, January 1999.
<P>
</UL>
<!10 Mar 03>
<IMG SRC="New.gif" ALT="(New)" HEIGHT=12 WIDTH=31>
See also
<A HREF="http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/History/">
Computer History</A>
links from the
<A HREF="http://directory.google.com/">
Google Directory</A>.
<IMG ALT="(Recommended)" SRC="star11t.gif" HEIGHT=11 WIDTH=11>
<P>
<BR CLEAR=all>
<HR SIZE=10>
This virtual museum service is brought to you by
<!19 Nov 99>
<A HREF=http://www.jpbowen.com/>
Jonathan Bowen</A>
as part of the
<!http://www.icom.org/vlmp/>
<!25 Oct 00>
<A HREF=http://icom.museum/vlmp/>
Virtual Library museums pages</A> (VLmp), supported by
<A HREF=http://icom.museum/>
ICOM</A>.
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