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Title: First thing |
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Date: 2020-11-13 16:46 |
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Category: Projections |
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First website page! |
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Title: The Philosophy of Warnings |
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Author: Santiago Zabala |
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Category: Articles |
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<div class="colophon"> |
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<p> Published by: <br> Editing: <br> Design <br> Paper <br> Typeface <br> |
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</p><p id="colophon_right"> Sponsors: <br> Thanks: <br> Other <br> |
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</p></div> |
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<div class="first-page"> |
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<div id="title_edition">Of Whirlpools and Tornadoes <br> A Nourishing Network</div> |
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<div id="amro">AMRO 2020</div> |
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<div id="author">Santiago Zabala</div> |
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<div id="title">The Philosophy of Warnings</div> |
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<div id="published">Published in the *Institute of Arts and Ideas* </div> |
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</div> |
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<header id="pageheader-issue">A Nourishing Network</header> |
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<header id="pageheader-theme">The Philosophy of Warnings</header> |
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<header id="pagefooter">)))))</header> |
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<div class="essay_content"> |
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<p>This month an undergraduate student told me his parents were using the |
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pandemic to persuade him to avoid philosophy as it could not prevent or |
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solve real emergencies. I told him to let them know that we find |
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ourselves in this global emergency because we haven't thought |
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philosophically *enough*. The increasingly narrow focus of experts this |
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century has prevented us from addressing problems from a global |
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perspective, which has always been the distinctive approach of |
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philosophy. This is evident in the little consideration we give to |
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warnings. Too often these are discarded as useless or |
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insignificant---much like philosophy---when in fact they are vital. |
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Though philosophers can't solve an ongoing emergency---philosophy was |
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never meant to solve anything---we can interpret their signs through a |
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"philosophy of warnings." Although this philosophy probably won't change |
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the views of my student's parents, it might help us to reevaluate our |
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political, environmental, and technological priorities for the future.</p> |
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<p>Like recent philosophies of plants or |
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[[insects]{.underline}](http://cup.columbia.edu/book/a-philosophy-of-the-insect/9780231175791), |
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which emerged as a response to a global environmental crisis, a |
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"philosophy of warnings" is also a reaction to a global emergency that |
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requires philosophical elucidation. Although the ongoing pandemic has |
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triggered this new stance it isn't limited to this event. Nor is it |
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completely new. Warnings have been a topic of philosophical |
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investigation for centuries. The difference lies in the meaning these |
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concepts have acquired now. Before philosophy we had prophets to tell us |
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to be alert to the warnings of the Gods, but we secularized that office |
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into that of the philosopher, who, as one among equals, advised to heed |
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the signs; to use our imagination, because that is all we got. The |
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current pandemic has shown how little prepared we were for a global |
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emergency, even one whose coming has been |
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[[announced]{.underline}](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/experts-warned-pandemic-decades-ago-why-not-ready-for-coronavirus/) |
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for decades. But why haven't we been able to take these warnings |
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seriously? Before tackling this question, let's recall how warnings have |
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been addressed philosophically.</p> |
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<p>Examples of warning philosophy can be traced back to Greek mythology and |
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Plato\'s *Apology*. Apollo provided Cassandra with the gift of prophecy |
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even though she could not convince others of the validity of her |
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predictions, and Socrates warned the Athenians---after he was sentenced |
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to death---that their inequity and mendacity undermined the democracy |
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they claimed to honor. Against Gaston Bachelard, who coined the term |
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"Cassandra complex" to refer to the idea that events could be known in |
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advance, Theodore Adorno warned that any claim to know the future should |
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be avoided. It is probably in this spirit that Walter Benjamin warned we |
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should pull the brake on the train of progress as it was stacking |
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disaster upon disaster. In line with Hannah Arendt's warnings of the |
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reemergence of totalitarianism after the Second World War, Giorgio |
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Agamben began his book on the current pandemic with "A Warning": |
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biosecurity will now serve governments to rule through a new form of |
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tyranny called "technological-sanitary" despotism.</p> |
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<p>These examples illustrate the difference between warnings and |
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predictions. Warnings are sustained by signs in the present that request |
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our involvement, as Benjamin suggests. Predictions call out what will |
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take place regardless of our actions, a future as the only continuation |
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of the present, but warnings instead point toward what is to come and |
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are meant involve us in a radical break, a discontinuity with the |
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present signaled by alarming signs that we are asked to confront. The |
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problem is not the involvement warnings request from us but rather |
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whether we are willing to confront them at all. The volume of vital |
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warnings that we ignore---climate change, social inequality, refugee |
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crises---is alarming; it has become our greatest emergency.</p> |
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<p>Indifference towards warnings is rooted in the ongoing global return to |
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order and realism in the twenty-first century. This return is not only |
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political, as demonstrated by the various right-wing populist forces |
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that have taken office around the world, but also cultural as the return |
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of some contemporary |
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[[intellectuals]{.underline}](https://arcade.stanford.edu/blogs/returning-order-through-realism) |
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to Eurocentric Cartesian realism demonstrates. The idea that we can |
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still claim access to truth without being dependent upon interpretation |
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presupposes that knowledge of objective facts is enough to guide our |
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lives. Within this theoretical framework warnings are cast off as |
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unfounded, contingent, and subjective, even though philosophers of |
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science such as Bruno Latour continue to |
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[[remind]{.underline}](https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Down+to+Earth%3A+Politics+in+the+New+Climatic+Regime-p-9781509530564) |
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us that no "attested knowledge can stand on its own." The internet and, |
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in particular, social media have intensified this realist view, further |
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discrediting traditional vectors of legitimation (international |
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agencies, major newspapers, or credentialed academics) and rendering any |
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tweet by an anonymous blogger credible because it presents itself as |
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transparent, direct, and genuine. "The quickness of social media, as |
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Judith Butler [[pointed |
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out]{.underline}](https://www.newstatesman.com/international/2020/09/judith-butler-culture-wars-jk-rowling-and-living-anti-intellectual-times), |
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allows for forms of vitriol that do not exactly support thoughtful |
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debate."</p> |
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<p>Our inability to take warnings seriously has devastating consequences, |
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as recent months make clear. The central argument in favor of a |
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philosophy of warnings is not whether what it warns of comes to pass but |
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rather the pressure it exercises against those emergencies hidden and |
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subsumed under the global call to order. This pressure demands that our |
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political, environmental, and technological priorities be reconsidered, |
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revealing the alarming signs of democratic backsliding, biodiversity |
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loss, and commodification of our lives by surveillance capitalism. These |
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warnings are also why we should oppose any demand to "return to |
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normality," which signals primarily a desire to ignore what caused this |
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pandemic in the first place. A philosophy of warnings seeks to alter and |
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interrupt the reality we've become accustomed to.</p> |
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<p>Although a philosophy of warnings will not prevent future emergencies, |
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it will resist the ongoing silencing of emergencies under the guise of |
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realism by challenging our framed global order and its realist |
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advocates. This philosophy is not meant to rescue us *from* emergencies |
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but rather rescue us *into* emergencies that we are trained to ignore.</p> |
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</div> |
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<div class="bio"> |
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[[Santiago Zabala]{.underline}](http://www.santiagozabala.com/) is ICREA |
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Research Professor of Philosophy at the Pompeu Fabra University in |
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Barcelona. His most recent book is *Being at Large: Freedom in the Age |
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of Alternative Facts* (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2020).</div> |
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